Department of History

• Department of History
  • FACULTY
  • ADJUNCT FACULTY
  • UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM
    • Major
    • Minors and Sequences
    • Departmental Honors
  • INTEGRATED GRADUATE STUDIES
  • ADVANCED PLACEMENT CREDIT
  • GRADUATE PROGRAMS
    • Social Policy History Program
    • Program in the History of Technology and Science
  • FACILITIES FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH AT CWRU
  • UNDERGRADUATE COURSES
  • GRADUATE COURSES

Department of History

106 Mather House
Phone 368-2380; Fax 368-4681
Alan Rocke

The Department of History offers comprehensive undergraduate and graduate programs in American history, the history of technology and science, social policy history, and the history of law.

Historical studies are sometimes categorized among humanistic studies and sometimes among the social sciences. Allied with both traditions, historians seek an understanding of the past by analyzing societies and how they change over time. The Department of History offers instruction within the cultural, political, and economic frameworks that have formed the customary basis of historical studies, and it also has developed special emphases in social, intellectual, and legal perspectives that allow instruction and research on such topics as childhood, family structure, aging, and comparative social history. Courses in history, or a formal major or minor in history, traditionally have been attractive to students as preparation for a wide variety of career and professional interests, including teaching, law, government, journalism, and such public history activities as archival administration, historical museum administration, restoration and preservation of historic sites, and writing.

FACULTY

Alan Rocke, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

Michael Altschul, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)

David C. Hammack, Ph.D. (Columbia University)

Catherine E. Kelly, Ph.D. (University of Rochester)

Kenneth F. Ledford, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)

Miriam R. Levin, Ph.D. (University of Massachusetts)

Carroll W. Pursell, Ph.D. (University of California, Berkeley)

Jonathan Sadowsky, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)

Theodore L. Steinberg, Ph.D. (Brandeis University)

David D. Van Tassel, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

Angela Woollacott, Ph.D. (University of California, Santa Barbara)

ADJUNCT FACULTY

James M. Edmonson, Ph.D. (University of Delaware)

Patsy A. Gerstner, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

John Grabowski, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Dennis Harrison, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

The department offers these basic undergraduate history programs: the history major leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree, available in two options (the regular major, and the teacher certification major); the history minor and sequence; the Honors Program; and the Integrated Graduate Studies Program (IGS). The department encourages student participation in the Junior Year Abroad program. Students electing a major, a minor, or a sequence in history must consult a departmental advisor each semester for guidance in planning their schedules. In addition, the Department of History and the Department of Philosophy together offer an undergraduate major in the history and philosophy of science and technology. The History Department also participates in, and contributes courses to American studies, Asian studies, German studies, international studies, and women's studies.

Major

The history major may be elected in one of two formats: the regular major and the teacher certification major.

Minors and Sequences

A minor in history is available to all students in the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Case School of Engineering. It consists of 15 hours in history including 112-113 (history core courses) and three additional courses, chosen in consultation with the student's minor advisor; the courses must form a coherent field of historical inquiry.

A 12-hour sequence is also available to all students in the Case School of Engineering. It includes HSTY 112-113 (history core courses), plus two additional courses chosen in consultation with the student's sequence advisor; the coures must form a coherent field of historical inquiry.

Departmental Honors

Qualified students will be invited by the department to enter and participate in the Senior Honors Program. Those enrolling will register for HSTY 399, Senior Honors Colloquium, for one credit hour in the spring semester of the senior year. Students will participate in a variety of activities addressing the nature of history as a craft and a discipline.

INTEGRATED GRADUATE STUDIES

The Department of History participates in the Integrated Graduate Studies Program. Interested students should note the general requirements and procedures of the Graduate School, but must also consult the departmental advisor about the specific requirements, guidelines, and opportunities for IGS in history.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT CREDIT

Students with Advanced Placement (AP) scores of 4 or better will receive three semester hours of college credit, applicable to the total number of credits required for graduation as well as to any major, minor, or sequence in history. AP credit may not be applied to the HSTY 112 and 113 core courses.

GRADUATE PROGRAMS

The Department of History offers both the M.A. and the Ph.D. in history, but it emphasizes its two focussed Ph.D. programs, in Social Policy History and in the History of Technology and Science. In practice, these two programs are closely related. The department also joins with the Law School to offer an M.A. in History/J.D. double degree program. Informally, students can combine graduate study in History with the certificate or degree programs of the Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations.

All applicants for graduate degrees in history must submit transcripts from all previous undergraduate, graduate, and professional study, scores on the GRE aptitude test or a comparable standardized test, and three letters of recommendation. The department recommends, but does not require, an undergraduate major in history. The M.A. in history requires 27 hours of course work, including 6 hours of carefully supervised work on a master's thesis (a work of original research based on primary sources), and can be completed in as few as two or, more usually, three semesters. It is possible to earn an M.A. in African, American, Asian, or European history; the strengths of the department are in U.S. and European history. For the joint J.D./M.A. program, students must be admitted to both the history graduate and law schools, and they can complete their degrees in either three and one-half years or three years and two summers of study, completing a total of 106 hours (including double credits of up to nine hours).

Students are admitted into the History Department's graduate programs with or without a master's or professional degree. Students who do not have a master's degree in history may be required to complete that degree in the department before moving on to the Ph.D.; those who have earned graduate or professional degrees closely related to their Ph.D. programs may petition for direct admission to the Ph.D. program. Students who first complete their M.A. in history at Case Western Reserve must complete an additional 9 hours of course work, pass the qualifying exams required by their program of study, and prepare a Ph.D. dissertation while enrolling in at least 18 hours of supervised dissertation-writing work. Students who have completed their master's-level work before coming to CWRU must complete at least 18 hours of course work before taking their qualifying exams.

Social Policy History Program

The Social Policy History Program is designed to prepare students for careers either as analysts and administrators of social policy or as teachers and researchers in colleges and universities. The program defines social policy broadly to include not only welfare, family and juvenile matters, aging, health care, and medicine, but also education, urban history, environmental history, cultural policies regarding museums, libraries and similar agencies, and labor. The program recognizes that social policies are made and put into practice by private, nonprofit organizations and through legal institutions as well as through federal, state, and local legislatures and executives. Applicants for the Social Policy History Ph.D. program must submit scores on the GRE aptitude test and three letters of recommendation. The program does not require an M.A. in history, and has admitted several students with J.D., M.S.W., library science, and other degrees, but it often requires students with limited backgrounds in U.S. history to take extra course work.

More tightly structured than the traditional Ph.D., the Social Policy History Program requires 18 hours of course work (and possibly additional hours to prepare for examinations); comprehensive oral examinations in U.S. history and in the history of social policy; comparative history; a cognate field; and a dissertation. The program also includes an option for the student to complete a policy-related internship; recent internships have been completed with the Cleveland Federation for Community planning, the Interchurch Council of Greater Cleveland, the Bureau of Jewish Education, the Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, and the Hathaway Brown School. The program was established in 1988; students who have completed its requirements have accepted positions at social and hospital agencies in Cleveland, at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, at the Universities of Notre Dame, of Dayton, and Idaho; at California State University, Los Angeles, Cleveland State and Kent State universities, at the Bank Street School of Education in New York City, and at Oberlin, Beloit, and Westminster of Pennsylvania colleges.

Program in the History of Technology and Science

The program in the History of Technology and Science was established in 1961 as the first in the nation to emphasize both of these important areas of study. The program's areas of particular strength include the social and cultural history of technology, both American and European, technology and science policy, the history of the physical sciences since the Renaissance, gender issues in technology and science, and the history of medicine.

The course of study for the Ph.D. in the history of technology and science includes the M.A. requirements, written and oral qualifying examinations, and a dissertation. While most graduates of the program teach in universities, others work in museums, archives, or deal with science policy questions as government staff in Washington, D.C.

The Department of History also offers a traditional Ph.D. program in U.S. history. For this program, which does not admit students every year, an M.A. in history is strongly recommended. This program requires 18 hours of course work beyond the M.A. (9 hours if the M.A. in history is earned at CWRU), comprehensive oral examinations in the general field (U.S. history from the colonial period to the present), in a major field (a period or subfield of U.S. history), and in two cognate fields, at least one of which is in a field other than U.S. history.

FACILITIES FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH AT CWRU

Case Western Reserve University, the other institutions in the University Circle neighborhood, and the Cleveland area in general offer excellent facilities for historical research. These facilities are especially strong in the fields of social policy history and the history of medicine, health care, nonprofit organizations, technology, and science. The university library's extensive collections in these fields are significantly augmented by the holdings of the nationally-ranked Allen Memorial Library in the history of medicine and health care, and of the equally distinguished Western Reserve Historical Society in regional economic, social, nonprofit, ethnic, African-American, and Jewish history. Both the Allen Library and the Western Reserve Historical Society library are adjacent to the campus. The Cleveland Public Library, just five miles from campus in downtown Cleveland, is the third largest public library in the U.S.; it maintains excellent research collections in Ohio, U.S., and British history, technology, and business. CWRU has also pioneered in the development of electronic connections to other libraries and to research resources in general; Ohio's many colleges and universities have one of the nation's leading interlibrary loan programs.

History (HSTY)

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES

HSTY 112, Introduction to American History, 3

History of the United States from the first settlements to the present. Emphasis on themes such as colonization, political and social revolution, slavery and race relations, industrialism, and nationalism.

HSTY 113, Introduction to Modern World History, 3

The history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in global context. Emphasis on the forces that have created or shaped the modern world: industrialization and technological change; political ideas and movements such as nationalism; European imperialism and decolonization; and the interplay of cultural values.

HSTY 125, Visiting America, 3

American character and culture explored through the eyes of "outsiders"--foreigners, immigrants, emigrants, and even vacationers. Course materials include films and novels as well as travelers' accounts.

HSTY 131, Introduction to Asian History, 3

Chinese and Japanese civilization; the foundations of traditional society (Confucianism, Shintoism, Buddhism); the impact of the West on these cultures.

HSTY 135, Introduction to Modern African History, 3

A general introduction to major themes in modern African history with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Topics include oral tradition and narrative, economic structure and dynamics, religious movements, colonialism, nationalism, and the dilemmas of independent African states.

HSTY 151, Technology in European Civilization, 3

The nature and role of technology in Western civilization, from the industrial revolution to the present. Emphasis on the social, cultural, political, and economic significance of technology in European history.

HSTY 152, Technology in America, 3

Origins and significance of technological developments in American history from the first settlements to the present. Emphasis on the social, cultural, political, and economic significance of technology in American history.

HSTY 196, Energy and Society, 3

Global and national perspectives on the problems of energy supply and demand, global warming, oil cartels, solar, nuclear, and wind energy, energy history, politics, and economics of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources.

HSTY 200, The Ancient World, 3

(Also listed as CLSC 201) Ancient history from the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia to the dissolution of the Roman Empire in the West.

HSTY 201, Science in Western Thought I, 3

The development of our thinking about the universe and our relation to it, as part of culture, from pre-classical civilizations to the age of Newton. Science as an activity separate from, but united with, other humanistic activities.

HSTY 202, Science in Western Thought II, 3

The development of our thinking about the universe and our relation to it, as part of culture, from Newton to the modern age. Science as an activity separate from, but united with, other humanistic activities.

HSTY 203, Natural Philosophy, 3

See PHIL 203, Natural Philosophy.

HSTY 204, Introduction to the Nonprofit Sector, 3

The United States has by far the largest and most important "nonprofit sector" in the world, a sector consisting of voluntary, nongovernmental organizations that provide health care, education and social services as well as arts, religious, and advocacy activities. Using mostly primary sources, this course will consider questions such as why the nonprofit sector is so important in the U.S., its advantages and disadvantages, how Americans have used nonprofit organizations, and how the nonprofit sector is changing today.

HSTY 210, Byzantine World 300-1453, 3

(See CLSC 210) Development of the Byzantine empire from the emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity and founding of the eastern capital at Constantinople to the fall of Constantinople to Turkish forces in 1453.

HSTY 211, The Medieval World, 300-1500, 3

Medieval history and civilization from the fall of the Roman Empire to the age of the Renaissance. Interactions between medieval Europe and other Mediterranean and Eurasian cultures.

HSTY 212, Modern European History, 3

The historical background and course of modern European history, stressing the history of the 20 th century from a variety of political, social, and cultural perspectives.

HSTY 221, Medieval and Tudor/Stuart England, 3

English history from Anglo-Norman times through the Tudor and Stuart age; kings and kingship, the growth of Parliament, the common law, international politics, and England's relations with Celtic Britain.

HSTY 222, History of Modern England, 3

Survey of English history, 1700-present, with some attention also to Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Politics, the industrial revolution, 20 th century decline, and the role of women, class and region in British social history.

HSTY 223, The Rise and Decline of the British Empire, 3

HSTY 240, The Body in History, 3

This course examines the changing experiences of human bodies in history. It shows how science and culture have shaped diverse human experiences which often appear immutable, including sexuality, eating, race, and sickness.

HSTY 250, Issues and Methods in History, 3

Methodological introduction to historical research. Students use a variety of qualitative and quantitative data to study and solve historical problems. Prior computer experience or statistical knowledge not required. Specific topics and instructors normally vary from year to year.

HSTY 253, Technology and American Culture, 3

American technology is a cultural phenomenon, a part of, rather than separate from, common concerns. Examines technology through historical writings, literature, pictures, and both material and popular culture.

HSTY 254, The Holocaust, 3

(See RLGN 254)

HSTY 255, The Economic History of the United States, 3

The growth of the American economy from the colonial period to the present. Social and cultural, as well as economic, causes of growth; the political context, the distribution of income and wealth.

HSTY 256, American Political History, 3

From the origins of American politics in the colonial period to the present. The Revolution and Constitutional debate. Presidential politics and leadership, voters and voting patterns, Congress and the courts. Emphasis both on the ideas that animated American politics and on the relation of politics to society.

HSTY 257, Immigrants in America, 3

This course examines American immigration within the context of international migration patterns and reviews U.S. immigration historiography.

HSTY 258, History of Southern Africa, 3

A survey of southern Africa from about 1600. Topics include the social structure of pre-colonial African societies, the beginnings of European settlement, the rise of Shaka, the discovery of minerals and the development of industry, Zimbabwe's guerrilla war and independence, and rise and apparent demise of apartheid.

HSTY 260, Slavery and Emancipation, 3

This course begins with the African encounter with Europeans during the emergence of the modern slave trade. Students will be introduced to the documents and secondary literature on the creation and maintenance of slavery, first in colonial America, and then in the United States. The course concludes with the destruction of slavery and the collapse of Reconstruction.

HSTY 261, African-American History 1865-1945, 3

Explores the fashioning of a modern African-American culture between emancipation and the end of World War II. Emergence of a northern-based leadership, the challenge of segregation, emergence of bourgeois culture, the fashioning of racial consciousness and black nationalism, the shift from a primarily southern and rural population to one increasingly northern and urban, the creation and contours of a modern African-American culture, the construction of racial/gender consciousness, and construction of racial/class consciousness.

HSTY 262, African-American History Since 1945, 3

This course completes the three-term sequence of the African-American history survey (although taking the first two courses is not necessary for the successful completion of this course). We will explore some of the key events and developments shaping African-American social, political, and cultural history since 1945.

HSTY 265, History of the Professions, 3

Professions are one of the central occupational structures of modern society. This course teaches about the historical context of the professions that many students seek to join. It covers the three classic "learned" professions of clergy, law, and medicine and newer ones such as accountancy, engineering, management, and nursing. It is comparative and interdisciplinary, examining the liberal, small-state, contexts of England and the United States, and the contrasting strong-state contexts of France, Germany, and Russia, applying theory from sociology, anthropology, and gender studies.

HSTY 266, The Engineer in America, 3

History, culture, politics, ethical considerations, and gender issues of the engineering profession in the United States.

HSTY 268, Colonialism in Africa, 3

This course examines the immense social and cultural changes which took place in Africa as a result of colonial occupations, in the period roughly from 1880 to 1965. It is organized around three major rubrics which were central to the colonial experience: the spread of Christianity, economic forces which led to new forms of labor, and the growth of nationalist resistance.

HSTY 272, History of Sports in America, 3

History of organized, role-defined games (sports) in America emphasizing relationship of baseball, football, basketball, and boxing to variables such as race, gender, and class, and to urbanization, commercialization, and technological changes.

HSTY 281, Traditional China, 3

(Also listed as ASIA 381.) The political, social, and intellectual history of traditional China. Art and literature; China's foreign relations.

HSTY 282, Modern China, 3

(Also listed as ASIA 382.) Modern China, concentrating on the continuous upheavals that have shaped its history in the past century, from the Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars of the mid-nineteenth century to the death of Mao. The Western challenge, the fall of the last dynasty, the Nationalist and Communist revolutions.

HSTY 285, Modern Japan, 3

(Also listed as ASIA 285.) From the Meiji restoration to the Occupation. The transition from a traditional society to a modern state, the nature of capitalism and democracy in Japan, the crisis of imperialism.

HSTY 302, Ancient Greece: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Periods, 3

(Also listed as CLSC 302.) The rise of Hellenic thought and institutions from the eighth to the third centuries B.C., the rise of the polis, the evolution of democracy at Athens, the crises of the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, fifth century historiography, the growth of individualism, and the revival of monarchy in the Hellenistic period.

HSTY 304, Ancient Rome: Republic and Empire, 3

(Also listed as CLSC 304.) Growth and development of the Roman state from the unification of Italy in the early third century B.C. to the establishment of the oriental despotism under Diocletian and Constantine. The growth of empire in the Punic Wars, the uncertain steps toward an eastern hegemony, the crises in the Republic from the Gracchi to Caesar, the new regime of Augustus, the transformation of the leadership class in the early Empire, and the increasing dominance of the military over the civil structure.

HSTY 307, Development of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 3

The development of chemical ideas; theories of matter, composition, structure, and reaction; the application of chemistry and chemical theory from antiquity to the 20 th century.

HSTY 308, Italian Renaissance 1350-1600, 3

Political and cultural history of Renaissance Italy. Florence, Venice, Rome, and the development of humanism. Extensive reading of major writers such as Machiavelli.

HSTY 309, Reformation Europe, 1500-1650, 3

Origins and development of Protestantism, the Catholic Counter-reformation, and the interaction between secular power and religious identity in Christian Europe.

HSTY 310, The French Revolutionary Era, 3

Causes, progress, and results of the internal transformation of France from 1789 to 1815; impact of revolutionary ideas on other European and non-European societies.

HSTY 312, European Legal History, 3

Examines the development of the legal systems of Central and Western Europe since the reception of Roman law. Focus will fall upon the alliance of Roman law and the absolutist state, the rise of bureaucratic absolutism, codification and the rise of liberal constitutional and legal thought, the Central European Rechtsstaat tradition, the historical school and legal positivism, the differing trajectories of development of bars in private practice, and the shape of modern European civil law systems, all in their social contexts.

HSTY 313, Women in Modern European History, 3

This course looks at modern European history from the perspective of women's experience. It considers women's productive roles in society, their familial roles, as well as changes in their legal status and their rights and responsibilities in the public sphere.

HSTY 315, Heresy and Dissidence in the Middle Ages, 3

This course surveys heretical individuals and groups in Western Europe from 500 - 1500 A.D., focusing mainly on popular, rather than academic heresies. The development of intolerance in Medieval society and the problems of doing history from hostile sources will also be explored.

HSTY 318, History of Black Women in the U.S., 3

This course is chronologically arranged around specific issues in black women's history organizations, participation in community and political movements, labor experiences, and expressive culture. The course will use a variety of materials, including autobiography, literature, music, and film.

HSTY 320, Women in Modern British History, 3

Women in Britain from the 18 th century to the present. Topics include women's productive work, the organized women's movement, education and the professions, sexuality and birth control, changes in legal status, class and racial differences.

HSTY 324, U.S. Cultural and Intellectual History, 3

This interdisciplinary course surveys U.S. cultural and intellectual history from the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. Topics include the rise of individualism, the development of literary culture, material culture and the origins of consumer society, the relation between high culture and popular culture, and the intersection of class, race, gender, and national identity. Texts include novels, poems, art, and other primary sources, and the writings of historians and literary critics.

HSTY 325, U.S. Politics, Culture and Society: 1787-1865, 3

Explores politics, culture, and society in the United States between the War for Independence and the Civil War. Topics include the transformation of political ideology, the political process, capitalist development in cities, factories, and the countryside, and changing dynamics of class, race, and gender in both the North and South.

HSTY 330, French Society and Culture: 1789 - Present, 3

Examines the changing character of French society from the end of the ancient regime to the present. Emphasis on using social history, and literary and artistic production of the period as a way to explore the social realities of industrializing and contemporary France.

HSTY 332, European Diplomacy in the Age of Nationalism: 1789-1945, 3

Presents a broad and sweeping interpretation of the development of the international system in Europe between the French Revolution of 1789 and the end of the European era in 1945. It explains why and how the closed European state system at the beginning of the nineteenth century evolved into an international transcontinental system by the early twentieth century.

HSTY 334, History of 19 th Century Germany, 3

This course examines the political, social, economic, and cultural history of Germany from the late eighteenth century to 1914. It explores the intellectual and social background to the rise of German liberalism and nationalism, the struggle with bureaucratic absolutism, the revolutions of 1848, industrial capitalism and the emergence of a class society, unification under Bismarck, the role of the state, culture, religion, and changes of mentality, the development of mass politics, and the coming of World War I.

HSTY 335, History of 20 th Century Germany, 3

This course examines the tumultuous history of Germany from 1914 to the unification of the two Germanys in 1989-1990. From the totalizing and traumatic experience of World War I, through a failed revolution, the republican experiment of Weimar, the National Socialist dictatorship under Hitler and the divided Germany suspended between the superpowers, the newly unified democratic Federal Republic. The course examines the ways in which Germans have tried to reconcile the state to their society, economy, and individual lives.

HSTY 340, Introduction to Gender Studies, 3

This course introduces women and men students to the methods and concepts of gender studies, women's studies, and feminist theory. An interdisciplinary course, it covers approaches used in literary criticism, history, philosophy, political science, sociology, psychology, film studies, and art history. It is the required introductory course for students taking the women's studies minor but is designed also to include non-minors.

HSTY 342, Russia Since the Revolution, 3

Beginning with the background to the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, this course explores the rise and fall of the communist system of the Soviet Union. It examines the radical upheavals imposed upon the Russian and other peoples of the Soviet Union, the Stalinist autocracy, post-Stalinist attempts to make the system work, the superpower era, sclerosis and stagnation, Glasnost and Perestroika, coup and collapse.

HSTY 348, Political and Social Thought in the Machine Age, 3

Explores the responses of economist writers, philosophers, cultural critics, and public policy makers to changes in Western society wrought by industrialization, by focusing on their concerns with technological change.

HSTY 351, Colonial America 1607-1763, 3

The formative years of American society and culture. Slavery and racism, expansionism, regionalism, the modern family, pluralism, sense of mission, and republican ideology.

HSTY 352, The Creation of the American Republic: 1763-1815, 3

The causes and consequences of the American Revolution, the formation of the American Republic, and the early years of the new nation. Federalism and republicanism as theories and in application, and the role of the Americans' experience in the age of democratic revolutions.

HSTY 353, Women in American History I, 3

The images and realities of women's social, political, and economic lives in early America. Uses primary documents and biographers to observe individuals and groups of women in relation to legal, religious, and social restrictions.

HSTY 354, Women in American History II, 3

With HSTY 353, forms a two-semester introduction to women's studies. The politics of suffrage and the modern woman's efforts to balance marriage, motherhood, and career. (HSTY 353 not a prerequisite)

HSTY 356, Industrial America: 1880-1940, 3

The social, economic, and political adaptation of American society to the industrial age. The impact of industrialism on such recurrent historical problems as technological change, race relations, social reform, urbanization, and political participation.

HSTY 358, America since 1940, 3

Major developments emerging from World War II; domestic policies from the Fair Deal through Watergate to the New Federalism; foreign policies from the Cold War to reassessments following the Vietnam War; "revolutions" in American society to the present.

HSTY 359, Race in American Social and Cultural Thought, 3

Explores the social and cultural construction of race in American social thought. Topics for discussion range from race in the age of European exploration to slavery and the postbellum years, to 20 th century cultural thought. In addition, the course addresses the ways in which racial thought has shaped American politics, social policy, and culture. The readings, lectures, discussions, and assignments will stress the interrelated, but unique experiences of the various racial groups in the U.S.

HSTY 360, American Foreign Policy since 1900, 3

The underlying economic, political, and cultural forces that influenced policy formation from the end of the Spanish-American War through the aftermath of the Vietnam War. The development and function of the national and international apparatus of foreign relations from the consular service, world court and cartels to the CIA, United Nations, and international corporations.

HSTY 362, American Social and Cultural History since 1865, 3

History of the nationalization of new economic, political, social, scientific, and aesthetic ideas and their embodiment in the development of professions, social movements, and cultural institutions.

HSTY 366, Science, Technology, and Government, 3

Traces the development and effects of federal technology and science policies from colonial times to the present, with emphasis on the 20 th century.

HSTY 367, Early American Legal History, 3

Examines the creation of a distinctive American legal culture. Focus on the relationship between law and social change during the years from the colonial era to the Civil War. Lectures, discussions, and analysis of legal documents

HSTY 368, Modern American Legal History, 3

Examines the workings of the modern American legal system from the Civil War to the present. Focus on the relationships between the law and social, economic, and professional change. Lectures, discussions, and analysis of legal documents.

HSTY 370, Crime and Punishment in America, a Historical Perspective, 3

(Also listed as SOCI 371.) The changing patterns of social and criminal behavior and the evolution of methods of controlling disorder. Prison and police policies, mobs and political violence, racial uprisings, organized crime and the interplay of social conditions and individual and group deviations, from colonial beginnings to the present.

HSTY 377, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control, 3

National and international problems concerning nuclear weapons, and the past and present attempts both to control their spread and to prevent their use. Topics covered include the science and technology of fission and fusion warheads and delivery vehicles; history, domestic policies, and international relations concerning nuclear weapons; and arms control treaties and their verification.

HSTY 378, History of the American Environment, 3

American attitudes toward and modifications of our environment are traced from colonial times to the present. Lectures, films and readings address the origins, dimensions, and suggested solutions of environmental problems in the United States, and how these relate to global problems as well.

HSTY 379, America in the 50s, 3

American life and culture in the decade of Elvis, Eisenhower, McCarthy and the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement. Films, novels and recordings will supplement lectures and discussions on such topics as the Cold War, conformity, the role of women, television, the Korean War and beatniks.

HSTY 383, The People's Republic of China, 3

(Also listed as ASIA 283.) The development of Chinese Communist theory and practice from 1949 to the current reforms. The problems involved in attempting to establish a socialist state and society while engaging in industrial development.

HSTY 390, Seminar: History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 3

(Also listed as PHIL 390) Required of majors in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology.

HSTY 395, History of Medicine, 3

Covers selected topics in the history of medicine, with an emphasis on the modern period. Topics include professionalization, effects of social stratification, sexually transmitted diseases, and social control.

HSTY 397, Undergraduate Tutorial, 1-3

Individual instruction with members of the history faculty.

HSTY 398, Undergraduate Research Seminar, 3

Training in the nature and methods of historical writing and research. Offered every semester in at least one section; topics and instructors vary. Required at least once of history majors. Registration only with consent of instructor and standing as a history major.

HSTY 399, Senior Honors Colloquium, 1

Familiarization with the varying activities that comprise and define the historian's calling, including discussions of major works of historical interpretation, visits to historical data collections, and similar experiences of a practicum type.

GRADUATE COURSES

HSTY 400, Graduate Topical Seminar, 3

A rotating graduate seminar, offered every semester by a different faculty member. Each seminar focuses on a topic of central historigraphical or methodological importance.

HSTY 401, Survey of the History of Science I, 3

A graduate level review of the history of the sciences, from antiquity to the seventeenth century.

HSTY 402, Survey of the History of Science II, 3

A graduate level review of the history of the sciences from the seventeenth century to the present.

HSTY 404, Introduction to the Nonprofit Sector, 3

Origins, development and role of nonprofit organizations. The nonprofit sector; volunteering and charitable giving. The policy and society of the United States. Multiple and often conflicting purposes of nonprofit organizations. Growth of nonprofit sector and of interactions of nonprofits with government. Changing relations between nonprofits and women, ethnic minorities, and religious groups.

HSTY 451, Readings in the History of European Technology, 3

A graduate-level review of the history of European technology.

HSTY 452, Readings in the History of American Technology, 3

A graduate-level review of the history of American technology.

HSTY 470, History and the Social Sciences, 3

The uses of social science methods for the historian. The framing of researchable problems, evaluation of data from historical sources, and use of quantitative methods in historical research.

HSTY 475, Seminar: Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control, 3

See HSTY 377.

HSTY 476, U.S. Social Policy to 1900, 3

Seminar that introduces students to the history of social policy in the 19 th and 20 th centuries; analyses of policies relating to juvenile delinquency, old age, poverty and social welfare, crime and punishment, mental illness, and public health.

HSTY 477, U.S. Social Policy since 1900, 3

A historical perspective on social policy and policy making in the United States during the twentieth century. Emphasis placed on the private as well as public institutions that make policy and on the increasing role of the federal government. Social security, child welfare, education, worker's compensation, and public health and medical care are among the policy areas examined.

Prerequisite: HSTY 476

HSTY 478, Comparative History: Britain and the U.S., 3

This course focuses on the principles and methodology of comparative history. It is also designed as an experience in the research and writing of history. Students will read theoretical and exemplary works in comparative history and will choose their own well-defined topic dealing equally with Britain and the United States. They will conduct research in both primary and secondary sources and present their work to the seminar.

HSTY 480, Public Policy and Aging, 3

Overview of public policies affecting aging and impact of population aging on public policies. Contemporary policy dilemmas, policy choices for the future, and political contents of such dilemmas and choices. (See also GERO 496)

HSTY 497, Graduate Independent Study, 1-3

Independent reading and research programs with individual members of the faculty.

HSTY 599, History Museum Practicum, 3

Internship in methods of registration, conservation, exhibition, interpretation, and administration. Students spend 8 to 10 hours each week in the Howard Dittrick Museum of Historical Medicine or the Western Reserve Historical Society under professional supervision.

HSTY 601, Independent Studies, 1-36

Credit as arranged.

HSTY 611, Graduate Seminar, 3

Historiographical and methodological issues in historianship and practical experience in research and writing on historical topics. For masters students.

HSTY 651, Thesis M. A., 1-36

Credit as arranged.

HSTY 693, Tutorial in European History, 3

Supervised independent reading in preparation for the doctoral comprehensive examination. Limited to Ph.D. candidates.

HSTY 694, Tutorial in U.S. History, 3

Supervised independent reading in preparation for the doctoral comprehensive examination. Limited to Ph.D. candidates.

HSTY 696, Seminar: Early American Historiography, 3

This seminar will examine the historiography of early America. It is designed to acquaint history doctoral students with the major themes, methods, and historians of American history from the seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. Students will be expected to read and report on major works in the field.

HSTY 697, Seminar: Modern American Historiography, 3

This seminar will examine the historiography of modern America. It is designed to acquaint history doctoral students with the major themes, methods, and historians of American history from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. Students will be expected to read and report on major work s in the field.

HSTY 701, Dissertation Ph.D., 1-36

Credit as arranged. Limited to Ph.D. candidates actively engaged in the research and writing of their dissertations.

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