Biology Building
Phone 368-3558; Fax 368-4672
Norman B. Rushforth

The Department of Biology offers courses leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Science in biology, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy. Cooperative programs between the Department of Biology and the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, the Cleveland Clinic, and other departments in Case Western Reserve University significantly extend the range of resources available to biology students. Undergraduate students are encouraged to conduct individual supervised research projects with faculty in the Biology Department and with faculty in cooperating departments. A supervised research project is required of all students in the B.S. program.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

The undergraduate programs in biology provide excellent preparation for graduate or professional school programs and for careers in industry and governmental agencies. Students are well prepared for medical, dental, or veterinary schools, or to enter the many specialized graduate programs in the biological sciences. Increasingly, career opportunities are opening up in the developing fields of biotechnology both in industry and government. Elective sequences of courses in areas of biotechnology within the B.A. and B.S. degrees in biology are an excellent preparation for such careers.

FACULTY

Norman B. Rushforth, Ph.D. (Cornell University)

Morris Burke, Ph.D. (University of New South Wales, Australia)

Arnold I. Caplan, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)

Hillel J. Chiel, Ph.D. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Christopher A. Cullis, Ph.D. (University of East Anglia, United Kingdom)

Valdis A. Dzelzkalns, Ph.D. (Harvard University)

Darhl L. Foreman, Ph.D. (University of Chicago)

Stephen E. Haynesworth, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Joseph F. Koonce, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

Roy E. Ritzmann, Ph.D. (University of Virginia)

Martin J. Rosenberg, Ph.D. (State University of New York, Stony Brook)

Charles E. Rozek, Ph.D. (Wayne State University)

Carol A. Stepien, Ph.D. (University of Southern California)

Christopher D. Town, Ph.D. (University of London, England)

Joanne Westin, Ph.D. (Cornell University)

James E. Zull, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

SECONDARY FACULTY

Randall D. Beer, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Peter L. McCall, Ph.D. (Yale University)

ADJUNCT FACULTY

Amiya K. Banerjee, Ph.D. (Calcutta University, India)

Jack R. Battisto, Ph.D. (University of Michigan)

James Bissell, M.S. (University of Wyoming)

Martha K. Cathcart, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Elizabeth M. Crough, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Robert P. Davis, Ph.D. (Cornell University)

Paul E. DiCorleto, Ph.D. (Cornell University)

Richard F. Drushel, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

James H. Finke, Ph.D. (University of Missouri, Colombia)

Thomas A. Hamilton, Ph.D. (University of Oregon Health Sciences Center)

Marian L. Harter, Ph.D. (Texas Tech University)

Ana B. Locci-Hernandez, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve Univeristy)

Ronald J. Midura, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)

Sonja Teraguchi, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

Students interested in life sciences can take a major or minor in biology.

Major Programs

Major programs share a core of courses and provide options for specialization in a variety of areas including biotechnology and genetic engineering, molecular and cellular biology, genetics, immunology, chemical biology, physiology and biophysics, neurobiology and animal behavior, developmental biology, plant sciences, population biology, ecology, and environmental science. Individual research projects form a significant part of the curriculum for many undergraduates and are required for students in the B.S. program. Advanced biology majors may register, with permission, for graduate-level courses in the Biology Department and within the School of Medicine.

The department offers programs leading to the B.S. and the B.A. Thirty hours of biology are required for the B.A. and 39 hours for the B.S. Students for both the B.A. and B.S. degrees must complete the General Education Requirements (GER) of the College of Arts and Sciences. They may begin their biology program in either the freshman or sophomore years.

THE B.A. PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY

The B.A. degree in biology features a five-semester core of lecture courses beginning with BIOL 110, Principles of Biology, and includes BIOL 205, Chemical Biology; BIOL 210, Molecular Cell Biology; BIOL 220, Organismal Biology; and BIOL 310, Population Biology. The remaining hours include laboratory and elective courses. The laboratory requirement consists of four laboratories chosen in the following manner: any two from BIOL 111, 211, and 221 (Introductory Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology; and Physiology); any biology laboratory course (except BIOL 346, 388, 390) and any 300- or 400-level biology laboratory course (except BIOL 346, 388, 390). In addition, six hours of biology electives must be at the 300-level or above. Students are required to complete two years of chemistry -- Principles of Chemistry I, II, and laboratory (CHEM 105, 106, & 113 or 107, 108, & 113) and Organic Chemistry I, II, and Laboratory I (CHEM 223, 224, & 233 or 323, 324, & 321), one year of calculus (MATH 125, 126) and one year of Introductory Physics I, II (PHYS 115, 116).

THE B.S. PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY

The B.S. program also includes the five-semester core lecture courses beginning with BIOL 110, Principles of Biology and includes BIOL 205, Chemical Biology; BIOL 210, Molecular Cell Biology; BIOL 220, Organismal Biology; and BIOL 310, Population Biology. In addition, students must complete BIOL 211, Laboratory in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology; BIOL 221, Physiology Laboratory; BIOL 301, Biotechnology Laboratory: Genes and Genetic Engineering or BIOL 326, Genetics; BIOL 315, Quantitative Biology Laboratory; two 300-level laboratory courses (except BIOL 346, 388, 390) and one upper-level advanced lecture course (300- or 400-level). B.S. students must undertake an undergraduate research project, completing BIOL 388, Undergraduate Research; BIOL 390, Advanced Undergraduate Research (same project as BIOL 388); and BIOL 395, Undergraduate Research Discussion.

Additional requirements for the B.S. degree consist of: Mathematics: one year of calculus -- MATH 125 & 126 (or 121 & 122, but former preferred); MATH 201, Linear Algebra or MATH 225, Discrete & Continuous Models or an approved statistics course; Computer Science: CMPS131, Computer Science (or other approved computer programming course); Chemistry: Principles of Chemistry I & II and laboratory (CHEM 105, 106, & 113 or 107, 108, & 113); Organic Chemistry I & II and laboratory (CHEM 223, 224, & 233 or 323, 324, & 321); Physical Chemistry I (CHEM 301); and Physics: Introductory Physics I & II (PHYS115 & 116)

All biology majors are required to meet with their departmental advisor at least once each semester to discuss their academic program, and must have their schedule cards and drop-add cards signed by their advisers. In addition to formal courses, departmental seminars in recent advances in biology are held every Thursday afternoon at 4:15 p.m.

Concentrations in Areas of the Biological Sciences

Students are encouraged to utilize their elective courses in the biology major to take advantage of concentrations in various specialized areas in the biological sciences. These concentrations have been developed between the Biology Department, the Biological Sciences Departments of the School of Medicine, and other departments. Currently, concentrations have been developed in the following areas: biotechnology and genetic engineering, computational biology, chemical biology, developmental biology, genetics, immunology, molecular & cell biology, neurobiology and animal behavior, physiology and biophysics, plant science, population biology, ecology and environmental science.

Integrated Graduate Studies Program in Biology

The Biology Department participates in the Integrated Graduate Studies Programs for both B.A./M.S. and B.S./M.S. degrees. These programs are intended for gifted and highly-motivated students for the B.A. or the B.S. degrees whose objective is a degree at the master's or doctoral level. By more closely integrating undergraduate and graduate studies, qualified students begin a program of graduate study in their senior year leading to the simultaneous completion of requirements for both the master's and bachelor's degrees, each within its specified framework. Students desiring to pursue this dual degree program will normally apply during the sophomore year by contacting the department office.

Minor in Biology

A minor in biology is available to students. The minor requires a minimum of 16 credit hours in biology consisting of BIOL 110, 111 (Principles of Biology, Introductory Laboratory), plus at least 11 more credit hours in biology. Six of these 11 hours must be at the 200 level or above. Suitable minor sequences are available for students majoring in the humanities and arts, social and behavioral sciences, health sciences, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and geological sciences.

Biology Courses Satisfying the Arts and Sciences General Education Requirements

Students who are non-science majors may fulfill the science core requirement by taking two semesters of biology or one semester of biology and one semester of another science. Students electing two semesters of biology may choose either of the following sequences: BIOL 110 and BIOL 101, BIOL 110 and 220, BIOL 110 and 101, BIOL 110 and 103, or BIOL 110 and 147. Students electing one semester of biology may choose either BIOL 110, BIOL 101, BIOL 103, or BIOL 147.

Honors Program in Biology

To receive a bachelor's degree with honors in biology, the student must meet the following criteria:

1. Maintain a 3.2 grade-point average, with a 3.5 in the major
2. Write a senior honors thesis with the approval of the faculty supervisor
3. Submit the thesis for review by an ad hoc Honors Committee
4. Successfully defend the thesis at an oral examination

Co-Op Program in Biology

The Co-op (Cooperative Education) program offers full-time undergraduate students in good academic standing the opportunity to engage in full-time, paid employment consistent with their major fields of study. Typically students participate in the co-op program for one or two seven-month periods, such as summer-fall and/or spring-summer, beginning after their sophomore or junior year. Although participation in this program extends the time required to achieve a bachelor's degree, students often benefit from higher starting salaries and greater lifetime earnings that can result from the experience acquired in co-op assignments. Co-op employment opportunities may exist at local companies engaged in biotechnology research, pharmaceuticals, or other areas involving the life sciences. Students interested in this program should contact the department office.

GRADUATE PROGRAMS

Master of Science

The Department of Biology offers both thesis and non-thesis Master of Science degree programs. Both programs require a minimum of 30 semester hours of courses at the 300 level or higher. A minimum of 18 semester hours of formal coursework is required for the thesis degree, and a minimum of 24 semester hours of formal coursework is required for the non-thesis degree. The remaining credits may be research credits (BIOL601 and 651). Further information is available in the Biology Department Office.

Doctor of Philosophy

Students who are planning to enter the doctoral program in biology should obtain information from the department office. The Doctor of Philosophy degree in biology is granted upon the completion of original research under the guidance of a faculty member in the Department of Biology.

RESEARCH

The research activities of faculty members within the Department of Biology cover a broad spectrum of interests. Collaborative research projects with faculty members in other departments provide for multidisciplinary approaches to important biological problems. Some areas of research are:

Biochemistry

Active research programs in biochemistry include studies of the solution conformations of peptides by spectroscopic and chemical methods; studies of the mechanism of regulation of proteolytic enzymes; isolation and characterization of hormone receptors; studies of the interaction of subunits in contractile proteins; studies of the mechanism of regulation of ATP hydrolysis by myosin; the biochemistry of glycoproteins; and the biochemistry of muscle, cartilage, bone, and connective tissues.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Research includes: plant molecular biology, novel plant development, plant cell and tissue culture, developmental genetics, molecular mechanisms of RNA splicing, regulation of gene expression in plant systems, gene structure and function.

Cell and Molecular Biology and Cell Physiology

Research in these areas includes the chemistry and role of extracellular matrix components in cell development, physiology, and aging; muscle contraction and cell motility; the cellular activities of hormones; cell-cell recognition in plant systems; and regulation of proteolysis.

Developmental Biology

Research areas currently being investigated include molecular control of development of muscle, bone, and cartilage; control of flower development and plant reproduction; protein synthesis and chromatin structure and function; inductive factors in cell differentiation; factors that control morphogenesis; and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their role in skeletal tissue development, maintenance, and repair.

Ecology, Population Biology, and Environmental Science

Current research on campus and at the Biological Field Station includes spatial dynamics, seasonal succession, and life-history strategies of phytoplankton; spatial dynamics and community ecology of zooplankton; migration, community dynamics, and biogeography of old-field leaf hoppers; adaptive management of fisheries ecosystems, particularly in relation to Lake Erie; internalized management of resource ecosystems; modeling of aquatic ecosystems; and epidemiological studies of large human populations; population genetics and evolutionary relationships of aquatic animals based on DNA sequence data.

Genetics

Current areas of research are developmental genetics: regulation of gene expression during development and dissection of developmental processes by the isolation, characterization, and mapping of developmental mutants; characterization of the DNA changes observed during environmental induction of heritable changes in plants.

Neurobiology and Animal Behavior

Research activities include: behavioral and electrophysiological studies of animals with simple nervous systems; studies on the neural basis of behavior and integration of sensory input, and cellular dynamics of neuronal computation.

Physiology

Problems under consideration are the relationships of pituitary and steroid hormones to enzyme activity in the gonads and accessory organs; vertebrate breeding cycles; transduction of chemical energy into mechanical energy in muscle; and the mechanism of action of peptide hormones.

Plant Science

Research interests in this area include: plant molecular and developmental biology; regulation of gene expression in plant systems; the evolution of plant genomes; cell-cell recognition in plant systems; control of flower development and plant reproduction; genetics of disease resistance in plants; DNA changes associated with environmental induction of heritable changes in plants; synthesis of plant hormones; role of hormones in growth and development.

Biology (BIOL)

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES

BIOL 101, Introduction to Biotechnology, 3

Principles of genetic engineering and other aspects of biotechnology and their applications in science and society. Biological molecules and how they are derived from the genetic information in DNA. Theory and practice of recombinant DNA techniques; function and use of antibodies and vaccines. Applications will include biopharmaceuticals, the construction and uses of transgenic animals and plants, diagnosis and therapy of human diseases, the Human Genome Project, forensic science, and bioremediation. Patents and ethical aspects will be discussed. Assumes some high school biology but has no prerequisites. Fulfills a science requirement of the Arts and Sciences General Education Requirements but does not count toward biology major.

BIOL 103, Biological Issues, 3

This course will focus on controversial biological issues. The goal is to present basic biological and scientific knowledge about specific areas of controversy which students must confront in society. We also seek to develop an appreciation for the requirements and limits of scientific investigation, so that students can evaluate claims which may appear in the popular press or media. Biological topics will be selected by the class each term, but some obvious possibilities are: fetal tissue research, effects of radiation on life, genetic engineering. No science background is assumed

BIOL 110, Principles of Biology, 3

The unity of life at the cellular level. The diversity of life at the organismal level. Interactions of living things at the ecosystem level. Evolution and genetics are central themes.

BIOL 111, Introduction to Experimental Biology Laboratory, 2

Some concepts of classical and modern biology. Students carry out experiments including animal and plant structure and function, cell structure, metabolism, enzyme kinetics, membrane physiology, and genetics. One laboratory and one lecture/discussion per week.

Prerequisite: Concurrent BIOL 110

BIOL 117, Introduction to Invertebrate Laboratory, 2

Investigation of food processing, respiration, circulation, excretion, and sensory and motor physiology in representatives of the major invertebrate phyla. Each student touches on all of these aspects of the animals' lives but specializes in one area. One laboratory per week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 119, Concepts for a Molecular View of Biology I, 3

Introduction to the principles of chemistry essential to an understanding of biochemistry and molecular biology. Topics covered include: organization and properties of atoms, principles of chemical bonding, concept of the mole and molar calculations, gas laws, principles of equilibrium and pH. An introduction to organic chemistry includes the structure of organic molecules and a survey of important functional groups, which includes alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, and amines and amides.

BIOL 121, Concepts for a Molecular View of Biology II, 3

The second semester of a two-course sequence designed to introduce students to elementary principles of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. Topics include: the structure and chemical properties of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; the properties, functions, and kinetics of enzymes; a survey of bioenergetics and catabolic processes; chemical properties of the genetic material DNA and RNA; and the basic principles of molecular biology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 119

BIOL 146, Human Anatomy, 2

Gross anatomy of the human body. Two lectures and one laboratory demonstration per week. Open only to students in the B.S.N. program.

BIOL 147, Introduction to Human Physiology, 3

Description of the organ systems of the human body at an introductory level. Survey of all of the major systems and how these systems are integrated to maintain a homeostasic state. Although this is a basic physiology course, where possible, discussion of the impact of physiological systems on disease is presented. Coordinates closely with BIOL 146, Human Anatomy.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110 and BIOL 119 and BIOL 121

BIOL 205, Chemical Biology, 3

Survey of the principles of biochemistry. Structure and function of proteins. Analysis of the ionization properties of peptides and proteins. Detailed analysis of the folding of hemoglobin. Analysis of the kinetic properties of enzymes and cell function. The glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Chemical introduction to molecular biology. Structures of DNA and RNA are learned. Structures of different types of RNA are compared.

Prerequisite: CHEM 223 or CHEM 323

BIOL 206, Quantitative Methods for Chemical Biology, 1

A companion course to BIOL 205. Chemical mechanisms underlying biological reactions and processes can be expressed as mathematical functions, each of which yields a unique function and gives rise to unique graphical representations. Therefore, the graphical output for a particular mechanism can be predicted. Alternatively, analyses of experimental data by these various graphical representations enable one to determine whether a process conforms to a particular chemical mechanism. Training in the use of computer spreadsheets and graphics programs in describing these chemical processes and in analyzing experimental data will be provided.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205

BIOL 210, Molecular Cell Biology, General, 4

Structure and function of living cells from a molecular perspective. Biological molecules and macromolecules. Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses, and prions. Nature, organization and expression of genetic information. Recombinant DNA and other contemporary methodologies. Plasma membrane structure and function; transport, hormonal signaling. Growth, DNA replication, cell cycle control. Intracellular organelles; protein targeting and trafficking. Antibodies and the immune response. Molecular and cellular basis of diseases including cancer and AIDS.

BIOL 211, Laboratory in Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, 2

Section 1: equilibrium binding and enzyme kinetics measured by spectrophotometry. Section 2: protein synthesis and the structure of a gene, using radioisotope labeling and counting, restriction enzyme analysis of DNA structure, and autoradiography. Section 3: cell fractionation and cell interactions. Cell separation and microscopy.

Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 212, Discussions in Molecular and Cell Biology, 1

This course is intended to enhance the student's understanding and appreciation of the experimental foundations of cell and molecular biology. Weekly readings of original research papers are used to reflect the topics being covered in BIOL 210 and these form the basis of the class discussions. Assessment will be based on brief seminars relating to the weekly readings, participation in class discussion, a written mid-term exam, and a term paper. Concurrent with BIOL 210.

BIOL 220, Organismal Biology, 3

The principles by which organ systems function and develop in a wide variety of animals. The functional aspects of systems, including nervous system, muscle, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and digestive systems. The role and requirements for each system are described, as well as general solutions to problems which the systems encounter in specific animal examples. The last third of the course describes embryological principles and mechanisms that are used to develop these organ systems.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 221, Physiology Laboratory, 2

Animal physiology. Experiments in osmoregulation, excretion, temperature regulation, circulation, neuro and muscle physiology and development, using a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Students demonstrate basic principles, design experiments, and become familiar with techniques routinely employed in physiological research. One lab per week.

Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 220 or EBME 201/202

BIOL 223, Vertebrate Biology, 3

Detailed anatomy of the shark and cat used as representative vertebrates. Demonstration dissections of bony fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds. Functional morphology. Evolution of vertebrate groups. One laboratory and two lectures per week. Students are expected to spend at least three hours of unscheduled laboratory each week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 301, Biotechnology Laboratory: Genes and Genetic Engineering, 3

Laboratory training in recombinant DNA techniques. Basic microbiology, growth, and manipulation of bacteriophage, bacteria and yeast. Students isolate and characterize DNA, construct recombinant DNA molecules, and reintroduce them into eukaryotic cells (yeast, plant, animal) to assess their viability and function. Two laboratories per week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 305, Herpetology, 4

Structure, function, and identification of amphibians and reptiles; emphasis on North American herpetofauna. Evolution, anatomy, zoogeography, and systematics of the major families of amphibians and reptiles. Physiological ecology, behavior, reproductive and population biology, field survey techniques, and behavioral observations of live animals. Three lectures and one session on special topics per week. Several weekend field trips.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 307, Evolutionary Biology and the Invertebrates, 3

Important events in the evolution of invertebrate life, as well as structure, function, and phylogeny of major invertebrate groups.

BIOL 308, Molecular Biology: Genes and Genetic Engineering, 4

(Also listed as BIOC 308) An examination of the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Topics include: nucleic acid structure; mechanisms and control of DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis; recombinant DNA; RNA processing and modification. Where possible, eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems are compared. Special topics include yeast as a model organism, molecular biology of cancer, and molecular biology of development. Current literature is discussed briefly as an introduction to techniques of genetic engineering.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205 or BIOC 307

BIOL 310, Population Biology: Behavior, Ecology, and Genetics, 3

Evolutionary approach to the study of animal populations. Speciation, population growth and regulation, ecology, population genetics, and sociobiology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 311, Field Biology Laboratory, 2

Two projects involving taxonomy, abundance, density, and distribution of plants at Squire Valleevue Farm, with particular emphasis on tree species. Students will collect plant samples and make their own herbarium. Following this there will be four weeks of field work and three weeks of workshop sessions to analyze and interpret data. Use of personal computers for analysis of field data. A final report and a presentation required for the final project.

Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 313, Genetics Laboratory, 2

This laboratory exposes students to the methods used to study the genetics of a wide range of organisms. Some of the topics covered are: gene mapping in diploids, tetrad analysis, mutagenesis, complementation, and mitotic recombination. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the genotype and the biochemical events which determine the phenotype. One laboratory per week.

Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 326

BIOL 315, Quantitative Biology Laboratory, 3

Application of personal computers to biological research. Emphasis on the use of structured programming and flow charting. Use of statistical techniques, analysis of experimental design, modeling strategies. The use of diverse software packages such as spread sheets, word processing, statistical packages. Continuous interaction with the WWW. Weekly lectures and problem sets posted in the WWW home page. One lecture and one lab per week.

BIOL 316, Fundamental Immunology, 3

Introductory immunology providing an overview of the immune system, including activation, effect mechanisms and regulation. Topics include antigen antibody reactions immunologically important cell surface receptors, cell-cell interactions, cell-mediated immunity, and basic molecular biology of B and T lymphocytes. Lectures emphasize experimental findings leading to the concepts of modern immunology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 326, Genetics, 3

Transmission genetics, nature of mutation, microbial genetics, somatic cell genetics, recombinant DNA techniques and their application to genetics, human genome mapping, plant breeding, transgenic plants and animals, uniparental inheritance, evolution, quantitative genetics.

Prerequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 328, Ethics in Science, 3

This course is a survey of key ethical and value issues in science. Topics covered may include research with human subjects and animals, scientific misconduct, role of science in society, social responsibilities of scientists, government science and public policy, including controversies over smoking and lung cancer, asbestos, and global warming, and the scientist as "hired gun. " Extensive student participation is expected.

BIOL 330, Plant Physiology, 3

The principles of plant physiology, development, biochemistry, and reproduction. Among the topics examined are plant anatomy and cell architecture, photosynthesis, flowering and reproduction, the synthesis and translocation of nutrients, plant pathology, the prospects for improving plants through genetic and molecular methods, stress physiology, defense mechanisms, hormone and light responses, and the control of growth and development.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 334, Structural Biology of Proteins, Enzymes, and Nucleic Acids, 3

(Also listed as BIOC 334) A detailed consideration of the structure and function of proteins and enzymes. Topics include: enzyme structure, kinetics, and mechanisms; structural biology of proteins and protein-DNA complexes; and techniques for structural analysis.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205 or BIOC 307

BIOL 335, Field Trip in Marine Ecology, 1

A week long intensive field oriented class in the ecology of marine life. Students will study diversity of marine organisms, their ecological adaptations, habitats, and behavior. Daily lectures, field trips, snorkeling (scuba diving available for certified divers), and observation and experiments in classroom aquaria. Students will be expected to pay costs of transportation, meals, lodging, and staff support. The course is conducted at a marine station.

Prerequisite: BIOL 117 or BIOL 337 or GEOL 115 or GEOL 307

BIOL 336, Aquatic Biology, 3

Physical, chemical, and biological dynamics of lake ecosystems. Factors governing the distribution, abundance, and diversity of freshwater organisms.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 337, Marine Ecology, 3

Survey of ecological, and biological aspects of major marine habitats. Distribution, community structure, and adaptive strategies of marine organisms. Local and global cycles of materials through marine ecosystems.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110 or GEOL 307

BIOL 339, Aquatic Biology Laboratory, 2

The physical, chemical, and biological limnology of the research ponds at Squire Valleevue Farm will be investigated. Emphasis will be identification of the organisms inhabiting these systems and their ecological interactions with each other. This course will combine both field and laboratory analysis to characterize and compare the major components of these ponds. Students will have the opportunity to design and conduct individual projects.

Prerequisite: BIOL 336

BIOL 340, Human Physiology, 3

Physiology of organs and organ systems of humans and other mammals. Knowledge of organic chemistry required.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110 and BIOL 205

BIOL 343, Microbiology, 3

An introduction to the physiology, genetics, biochemistry, and diversity of microorganisms. The subject will be approached both as a basic biological science that studies the molecular and biochemical processes of cells and viruses, and as an applied science that examines the involvement of microorganisms in human disease as well as in the workings of ecosystems, plant symbioses, and industrial processes. The course is divided into four major areas: bacteria, viruses, medical microbiology, and environmental and applied microbiology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205

BIOL 344, Laboratory for Microbiology, 2

Practical microbiology, with organisms ranging from viruses to fungi. Bacteria as encountered in a variety of situations, sterile techniques, principles of identification, staining and microscopy, growth and nutritional characteristics, genetics, enumeration methods, epidemiology, immunological techniques (including ouchterlony gel diffusion method and human blood antigens), antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, chemical diagnostic tests, sampling the human environment, and commercial applications. One lab per week.

Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 343

BIOL 346, Human Anatomy, 3

Gross anatomy of the human body. Two lectures and one laboratory demonstration per week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 348, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4-5

The anatomy and physiology of the human body. Enrollment is restricted to students majoring in nutrition. Four lectures and one laboratory per week.

BIOL 350, Introduction to Ecosystem Analysis and Environmental Science, 3

Reviews major ecological theories and principles through analysis of contemporary environmental problems. Exploration of difficulties in applying scientific information to public policy formation and the role of computer models in linking theory and practice in managing the environment. Two lectures and one laboratory per week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 358, Animal Behavior, 3

Evolutionary approach to animal behavior, with emphasis on experimental behavioral studies. Evolution of behavior, communication, learning and sensory approaches. Field excursion to Cleveland Zoo/Rain Forest, Mentor Marsh, Squire Valleevue Farm. Each student will design and conduct an original, independent behavioral experiment outside of class.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 359, Cell Physiology, 3

Membrane structure and organization, lipid protein interaction, bioenergetics, transport across biological membranes, cell communications, intracellular signals, cell excitation, and synaptic transmission, cell contraction, cell secretion.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205

BIOL 362, Principles of Developmental Biology, 3

The descriptive and experimental aspects of animal development. Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, morphogenesis, induction, differentiation, organogenesis, growth, and regeneration.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 364, Endocrinology, 3

Hormonal regulation of physiological processes of development, growth, metabolism, excretion, digestion, and reproduction and the neural control of hormone secretion in vertebrates. Effects of hormones at the cellular and organismic levels.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and CHEM 224

BIOL 370, Ecology, 3

Basic principles underlying diversity, distribution, and abundance of organisms.

Prerequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 373, Introduction to Neurobiology, 3

(Also listed as NEUR 473) How nervous systems control behavior. Biophysical and biochemical properties of nerve cells, their organization into circuitry, and their function within networks. Emphasis on quantitative methods for modeling neurons and networks in order to understand their computational properties. Specific systems in which these methods have been applied.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 374, Neurobiology of Behavior, 3

Various animal systems will be studied from two perspectives: description of specific behavioral activities and their significance to the animal's life, followed by investigation of underlying neural circuitry responsible for controlling the behavior. Discussion of how animals process sensory information and use it to control behaviorally significant activities.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 376, Neurobiology Laboratory, 3

Introduction to the basic laboratory techniques of neurobiology. Intracellular and extracellular recording techniques, forms of synaptic plasticity, patch clamping and immunohistochemistry. During the latter weeks of the course students will be given the opportunity to conduct an independent project. One laboratory and one discussion session per week.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 378, Computational Neuroscience, 3

(Also listed as CMPS 478, NEUR 478 and EBME 478) Course focuses on computational properties of nervous systems, modeling and simulation of neurobiological systems, cable theory, passive and active compartmental modeling, numerical integration methods, simulation tools, models of neuronal development, plasticity and learning, as well as models of small neural circuits, neuronal dynamics, models of brain systems, and relationships to artificial neural networks.

BIOL 383, Seminar in Plant Science, 1-3

Prerequisite: BIOL 210

BIOL 386, Seminar in Behavior, 1-3

BIOL 387, Seminar in Population Biology, 1-3

Discussion of major themes in population biology, evolution, and ecology, based on critiquing scientific papers. One discussion per week.

BIOL 388, Undergraduate Research, 1-3

Guided laboratory research under the sponsorship of a biology faculty member. May be carried out within the biology department or in associated departments. May be taken only one semester during the student's academic career. Appropriate forms must be secured in the biology department office. A written report must be approved by the biology sponsor and submitted to the chairman of the biology department before credit is granted.

BIOL 389, Selected Topics, 1-3

Individual library research projects under the guidance of a biology sponsor. A major paper must be submitted and approved before credit is awarded.

BIOL 390, Advanced Undergraduate Research, 1-3

Offered on a credit only basis. Students may carry out research in biology or related departments, but a biology sponsor is required. Does not count toward the 30 hours required for a major in biology, but may be counted toward the total number of hours required for graduation. A written report must be submitted to the chairman's office and approved before credit is granted.

BIOL 395, Research Discussions, 1

This is a seminar course which provides a forum within which students performing undergraduate research, or who have done so previously, can present and discuss their projects. Discussions will cover all aspects of the students' research projects: background material, experimental design and methods, results and their analysis and conclusions. At the beginning of the semester, each student will briefly outline his or her project and distribute a few key papers to provide background reading for all participants. After this introductory phase, each student will make a presentation of his/her own research. Graded as pass/fail, based upon attendance and participation.

Prerequisite: BIOL 388 and BIOL 390

GRADUATE COURSES

BIOL 401, Biotechnology Laboratory: Genes and Genetic Engineering, 3

Laboratory training in recombinant DNA techniques. Basic microbiology, growth, and manipulation of bacteriophage, bacteria, and yeast. Students isolate and characterize DNA, construct recombinant DNA molecules, and reintroduce them into eukaryotic cells (yeast, plant, animal) to assess their viability and function.

BIOL 407, General Biochemistry, 4

See BIOC 407.

BIOL 408, Molecular Biology: Genes and Genetic Engineering, 4

(Also listed as BIOC 408) An examination of the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Topics include: nucleic acid structure; mechanisms and control of DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis; recombinant DNA; mRNA processing and modification. Where possible, eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems are compared. Special topics include yeast as a model organism, molecular biology of cancer, and molecular biology of development. Current literature is discussed briefly as an introduction to techniques of genetic engineering.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205 or BIOC 307

BIOL 410, Population Biology: Behavior, Ecology, and Genetics, 3

Evolutionary approach to the study of animal populations. Speciation, population growth and regulation, ecology, population genetics, and sociobiology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 415, Quantitative Biology Laboratory, 3

Application of personal computers to biological research. Emphasis on the use of structured programming and flow charting. Use of statistical techniques, analysis of experimental design, modeling strategies. The use of diverse software packages such as spread sheets, word processing, statistical packages. Continuous interaction with the WWW. Weekly lectures and problem sets posted in the WWW home page. During the last 6 weeks of the course the student will have a final project that consists of data analysis and interpretation. Report required for the final project. One lecture and one lab per week.

BIOL 416, Fundamental Immunology, 3

(Also listed as PATH 416) Introductory immunology providing an overview of the immune system, including activation, effect mechanisms, and regulation. Topics include antigen antibody reactions, immunologically important cell surface receptors, cell-cell interactions, cell-mediated immunity and basic molecular biology of B and T lymphocytes. Lectures emphasize experimental findings leading to the concepts of modern immunology. A term paper is required.

BIOL 426, Genetics, 3

Transmission genetics, nature of mutation, microbial genetics, somatic cell genetics recombinant DNA techniques and their application to genetics, human genome mapping, plant breeding, transgenic plants and animals, uniparental inheritance, evolution, quantitative genetics.

BIOL 427, Developmental Neurobiology, 3

(See NEUR 427)

BIOL 428, Ethics in Science, 3

This course is a survey of key ethical and value issues in science. Topics may include research with human subjects, and animals, scientific misconduct, role of science in society, social responsibilities of scientists, science and government public policy, including controversies over smoking and lung cancer, asbestos, and global warming, and the scientist as "hired gun." Extensive student participation is expected. A substantial research paper or other project is required.

BIOL 431, Statistical Methods in Biological and Medical Sciences I, 3

(See EPBI 431; also listed as ANES 431)

BIOL 432, Statistical Methods in Biological and Medical Sciences II, 3

(See EPBI 432; also listed as ANES 432)

BIOL 434, Structural Biology of Proteins, Enzymes, and Mucleic Acids, 3

(Also listed as BIOC 434) A detailed consideration of the structure and function of proteins and enzymes. Topics include: enzyme structure, kinetics, and mechanisms; structural biology of proteins and protein-DNA complexes; and techniques for structural analysis

Prerequisite: BIOL 205 or BIOC 307

BIOL 435, Field Trip in Marine Ecology, 1

A week long intensive field oriented class in the ecology of marine life. Students will study diversity of marine organisms, their ecological adaptations, habitats and behavior. Daily lectures, field trips, snorkeling (scuba diving available for certified divers), and observation and experiments in classroom aquaria. Student will be expected to pay cost of transportation, meals, lodging, and staff support. The course is conducted at a marine station.

Prerequisite: BIOL 117 or BIOL 337 or GEOL 115 or GEOL 307

BIOL 436, Advanced Aquatic Biology, 3

Physical, chemical, and biological dynamics of lake exosystems. Factors governing the distribution, abundance, and diversity of freshwater organisms.

BIOL 437, Marine Ecology, 3

Survey of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of major marine habitats. Distribution, community structure, and adaptive strategies of marine organisms. Local and global cycles of materials through marine ecosystems. Students will carry out a library research project based on an extensive review of the original literature, write a rigorous paper on their topic, and present their work to the class.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110 or GEOL 307

BIOL 443, Advanced Microbiology, 3

An introduction to the physiology, genetics, biochemistry, and diversity of microorganisms. The subject will be approached both as a basic biological science that studies the molecular and biochemical processes of cells and viruses, and as an applied science that examines the involvement of micro organisms in human disease as well as in the workings of ecosystems, plant symbioses, and industrial processes. the course is divided into four major areas: bacteria, viruses, medical microbiology, and environmental and applied microbiology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 110

BIOL 448, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4-5

BIOL 457, Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, 3

(See PHOL 456)

BIOL 458, Animal Behavior, 3

An evolutionary approach to animal behavior, with emphasis on experimental studies. Concentration includes communication, learning and sensory processes, sociobiology, experimental design, and statistical approaches. Graduate students will lead an additional oral presentation discussion on a research paper, will conduct an extensive research project, and will write a more extensive research paper than that required of undergraduate students.

BIOL 459, Advanced Cellular Physiology, 3

Coursework will address membrane structure and organization, lipid protein interaction, bioenergetics, transport across biological membranes, cell communications, intracellular signals, cell excitation and synaptic transmission, cell contraction, and cell secretion.

Prerequisite: BIOL 205

BIOL 460, Introduction to Molecular Biology, 3

Lecture/discussion course designed to provide students with a basic understanding of molecular biological methods and experimental design, RNA isolation and purification/ clone isolation and identification/DNA sequencing and mutagenesis/DNA vectors/regulation of gene expression/molecular studies of protein structure and function/use of transgenic animals/in situ hybridization.

BIOL 462, Advanced Principles of Developmental Biology, 3

(Also listed as ANAT 462.) same as BIOL 362 except the required term paper is an NIH-format research proposal.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 464, Problems of Mammalian Reproduction, 3

(Also listed as ANAT 464) Studies of the physiology of pregnancy, spermatozoa, metabolism, ovaries, and testes. Topics to be selected.

Prerequisite: BIOL 364

BIOL 465, Endocrinology, 3

Hormonal regulation of physiological processes of development, growth, metabolism, excretion, digestion, and reproduction and the neural control of hormone secretion in vertebrates. Effects of hormones at the cellular and organismic levels.

BIOL 473, Introduction to Neurobiology, 3

(Also listed as NEUR 473) How nervous systems control behavior. Biophysical and biochemical properties of nerve cells, their organization into circuitry, and their function within networks. Emphasis on quantitative methods for modeling neurons and networks in order to understand their computational properties. Specific systems in which these methods have been applied. Term paper required. Two lectures per week.

BIOL 474, Neurobiology of Behavior, 3

Various animal systems will be studied from two perspectives: first, a description of specific behavioral activities and their significance to the animal's life, followed by investigation of underlying neuralcircuitry responsible for controlling the behavior. Discussion of how animals process sensory information and use it to control behaviorally significant activities.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 476, Neurobiology Laboratory, 3

Introduction to the basic laboratory techniques of neurobiology. Intracellular and extracellular recording techniques, forms of synaptic plasticity, patch clamping, and immunohistochemistry. During the latter weeks of the course students will be given the opportunity to conduct an independent project. One laboratory per week.

BIOL 478, Computational Neuroscience, 3

(See BIOL 378)

BIOL 479, Seminar: Computational Neuroscience, 3

(Also listed as CMPS 479, EBME 479, and NEUR 479) This course introduces students to the mechanical, electronic, and control issues that are raised by the design and construction of autonomous robots. After doing focused exercises in these areas, students work in teams to design and construct robots that can effectively solve a real-world problem. Permit from instructor required prior to registration.

BIOL 480, Physiology of Organ Systems, 3

(Also listed as PHOL 480) An advanced introduction to the fundamental physiological principles governing major organ systems of mammals. The function of the nervous, endocrine, digestive, muscle, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems will be discussed. At the conclusion of the semester integrative aspects of the major organ systems will be illustrated through a consideration of exercise physiology and high altitude physiology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 220

BIOL 531, Seminar in Experimental Ecology, 1-3

BIOL 550A, Seminar in Experimental Biology: Plant Science, 1-3

BIOL 550C, Seminar in Experimental Biology, 1-3

BIOL 552, Seminar in Developmental Biology, 1-3

(Also listed as ANAT 552.) Topics pertaining to the field of development, such as regeneration and induction, which address both vertebrate and invertebrate forms.

BIOL 569, Advanced Seminar in Developmental Biology, 1-3

(Also listed as ANAT 569). Participants prepare and present seminars on subjects of contemporary interest and importance in developmental biology.

BIOL 601, Research, 1-9

BIOL 651, Thesis M.S., 1-9

BIOL 701, Dissertation Ph.D., 1-9

Bachelor of Arts Degree
Major in Biology

a) This requirement may be fulfilled by taking BIOL 211 and 221 at a later time.
b) May be taken in a later semester. Recommended but not required if BIOL 111 and 221 are taken.
c) May be taken in a later semester. Recommended but not required if BIOL 111 and 211 are taken.

Minor in Biology

Biology (16 semester hours)
BIOL 110, 111
Eleven additional hours of BIOL, five of which must be at the 200 level or above

Bachelor of Science in Biology Degree

*If BIOL 301 is selected during this fall semester, a BIOL 300-level elective may be substituted for BIOL 326 during the following spring semester. If BIOL 326 is selected during the spring semester, a BIOL 300-level elective may be substituted for BIOL 301 during the fall semester.