Department of Geological Sciences
112 A.W. Smith Building
Phone 368-3690; Fax 368-3691
Peter McCall
The geological sciences encompass a wide range of inquiries into the physical, chemical, and biological processes that shape the earth. Application of these inquiries to understanding the earth's history is a unique attribute that distinguishes geological investigations. What is learned of the past and present reveals the constraints of our environment and serves as a guide for the future.
In recent years major advances have been made in the understanding of plate tectonics, properties of the earth's interior, the nature of surface and near-surface processes, the history of the earth's climate, the ecology of living and ancient organisms, and the comparative geology of other planets. There has also been a growing awareness of the relevance of geologic knowledge to resource conservation, land use planning, environmental geochemistry, hydrology, engineering construction works, and other types of environmental concerns.
The Department of Geological Sciences offers programs leading to the B.A. and B.S. degrees in Geological Sciences, B.A. in Environmental Geology, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees.
Peter L. McCall, Ph.D. (Yale University)
Professor and Chairman
Benthic ecology; paleoecology
James L. Aronson, Ph.D. (California Institute of Technology)
Professor
Geochronology; isotopic geochemistry
Philip O. Banks, Ph.D. (California Institute of Technology)
Associate Professor
Geochronology
Gerald Matisoff, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)
Associate Professor
Sedimentary and environmental geochemistry
Samuel M. Savin, Ph.D. (California Institute of Technology)
Professor
Geochemistry
Peter J. Whiting, Ph.D. (University of California, Berkeley)
Assistant Professor
Geomorphology and environmental geology
Roger Burtner, Ph.D. (Harvard University)
Adjunct Professor; Chevron Oil Field Research Co., CA
Aqueous geochemistry; clastic petrology
Stanley A. Mertzman, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Adjunct Professor; Franklin and Marshall College
Igneous petrology
Robert C. Reynolds, Ph.D. (Washington University)
Adjunct Professor, Dartmouth College
Geochemistry
Richard C. Schmidt, Ph.D. (McGill University, Canada)
Adjunct Professor
Economic geology
Bruce Simonson, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University)
Adjunct Professor; Oberlin College
Sedimentology
William Stuart, Ph.D. (Northwestern University)
Adjunct Associate Professor
Geophysics
Michael J. Tevesz, Ph.D. (Yale University)
Adjunct Professor; Cleveland State University
Paleontology
Students in the geological sciences obtain a solid background in basic science and mathematics as well as intensive training in the major. In addition, because of the wide variety of ways in which geologic knowledge can be applied, all students are encouraged to take electives in subjects appropriate to their personal objectives, which may be as diverse as the engineering applications of geology or the socioeconomic and legal systems bearing on environmental issues. The undergraduate programs stress practical experience as well as classroom study. A great deal of field work is included, and there is ample opportunity to participate in research.
The environmental geology major combines courses in geological sciences with others in basic and applied sciences to provide students with an understanding of environmental problems, with employable skills, and with a background for graduate study.
The minimum requirements set by the department include 8 hours each of chemistry, physics, and calculus, plus any one of GEOL 101, 102, 110, 114, and 115, plus GEOL 119, 210, 215, 301, 315, 317, 341, 344, and 360. GEOL 360 provides comprehensive field training in the summer between the junior and senior years. Note: This course necessitates transfer credit and must be approved by the department.
The minimum requirements set by the department include 8 hours each of chemistry and calculus, plus BIOL 110, BIOL 111, STAT 319, PHYS 115, PHYS 116 or another suitable physics course (students intending to pursue graduate studies in science are advised to complete a two-term sequence of courses in physics); GEOL 110, 114, 119, 125, 201, 210, 220, 305, 317 and 321.
Note: Students desiring information about or wishing to pursue programs leading to teacher certification in earth sciences should meet with Professor John Kratus, Office of Collegiate Affairs, 102 Baker Building, 368-2928.
In the above majors, the student and his or her adviser will design the remainder of the curriculum based on individual interests, consonant with departmental and college requirements.
An integrated undergraduate-graduate program leading to a master's degree in five years is also available. Special programs, such as interdisciplinary majors, may also be arranged.
Students may complete a minor in geological sciences by taking up to three of GEOL 101, 102, 110, 114, and 115, plus GEOL 119; and sufficient upper level GEOL courses to total 15 hours.
The following courses may be applied to the Western Reserve Core science requirements: GEOL 101, 102, 110, 114, and 115.
Bachelor of Arts Degree
FRESHMAN
Fall Semester
CHEM 105, Principles of Chemistry I (3) or
CHEM 107, Properties and Structure of Matter I (3)
MATH 125, Mathematics I (4)
ENGL 150, Expository Writing (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
PHED 101, Physical Education Activities (0)
Spring Semester
CHEM 106, Principles of Chemistry II (3) or
CHEM 108, Properties and Structure of Matter II (3)
CHEM 113, Principles of Chemistry Laboratory (2)
MATH 126, Mathematics II (4)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
PHED 102, Physical Education Activities (0)
SOPHOMORE
Fall Semester
GEOL 110, Physical Geology (3)a
GEOL 119, Geology Laboratory (1)
PHYS 115, Introductory Physics I (4)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Spring Semester
GEOL 210, Historical Geology and Paleontology (3) or
Approved elective (3)b
PHYS 116, Introductory Physics II (4)
Core sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
JUNIOR
Fall Semester
GEOL 301, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (3) or
GEOL 341, Introductory Mineralogy and Petrology (4)c
Approved elective (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Electives (6)
Spring Semester
GEOL 210, Historical Geology and Paleontology (3) or
Approved elective (3)b
GEOL 215, Spring Field Course (2)
GEOL 315, Structural Geology (3) or
GEOL 344, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (4)d
Course in selected minor field (3)
Elective (3)
SUMMER Between Junior and Senior Years
GEOL 360, Summer Field Camp (6)
SENIOR
Fall Semester
GEOL 341, Introductory Mineralogy and Petrology (4) or
GEOL 301, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (3)c
Approved elective (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Electives (6)
Spring Semester
GEOL 317, Spring Field Course (2)
GEOL 344, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (4) or
GEOL 315, Structural Geology (3)d
Electives (9)
* Suggested outline only. Program is finalized in consultation with the departmental adviser.
a GEOL 101, 102, 114, or 115 may be substituted for GEOL 110.
b GEOL 210 is offered even-numbered years.
c GEOL 301 (3 credits) is offered even-numbered years, GEOL 341 (4 credits) odd-numbered years.
d GEOL 315 (3 credits) is offered odd-numbered years, GEOL 344 (4 credits) even-numbered years.
Up to three courses from GEOL 101, 102, 110, 114, and 115, plus GEOL 119, and sufficient upper level GEOL courses to total at least 15 hours.
Bachelor of Arts Degree
FRESHMAN
Fall Semester
CHEM 105, Principles of Chemistry I (3) or
CHEM 107, Properties and Structure of Matter I (3)
MATH 125, Mathematics I (4)
ENGL 150, Expository Writing (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Core Sequence II, Ill, or IV (3)
PHED 101, Physical Education Activities (0)
Spring Semester
CHEM 106, Principles of Chemistry II (3) or
CHEM 108, Properties and Structure of Matter II (3)
CHEM 113, Principles of Chemistry Laboratory (2)
MATH 126, Mathematics II (4)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
PHED 102, Physical Education Activities (0)
SOPHOMORE
Fall Semester
GEOL 110, Physical Geology (3)
GEOL 119, Geology Laboratory (1)
PHYS 115, Introductory Physics I (4)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Spring Semester
GEOL 114, Environment and Humankind (3)
GEOL 220, Environmental Geology (3)
Core Sequence II, III, or IV (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Elective (3)
JUNIOR
Fall Semester
GEOL 201, Environment and Law (3)
BIOL 110, Principles of Biology (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Electives (6)
Spring Semester
GEOL 210, Historical Geology & Paleontology (3)
GEOL 317, Spring Field Course (2)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Approved elective (3)
Electives (3)
SENIOR
Fall Semester
GEOL 322, Hydrogeology with Lab (4)
STAT 319, Basic Statistics for Social and Life Sciences (3)
Course in selected minor field (3)
Approved elective (3)
Elective (3)
Spring Semester
GEOL 305, Geomorphology and Remote Sensing (3)
Approved elective (3)
Electives (9)
* Suggested outline only. Program is finalized in consultation with the departmental adviser.
FRESHMAN
Fall Semester
Open elective or Humanities/Social Science Sequence (3-0-3)b
CHEM 105, Principles of Chemistry I (3-0-3) or
CHEM 107, Properties and Structure of Matter I (3-0-3)
CMPS 131, Elementary Computer Programming (2-2-3)
MATH 121, Calculus for Science and Engineering I (4-0-4)
ENGL 150, Expository Writing (3-0-3)
PHED 101, Physical Education Activities (0-3-0)
Total (15-5-16)
Spring Semester
Humanities/social science or open elective (3-0-3)b
CHEM 106, Principles of Chemistry II (3-0-3) or
CHEM 108, Properties and Structure of Matter II (3-0-3)
CHEM 113, Principles of Chemistry Laboratory (1-3-2)
MATH 122, Calculus for Science and Engineering II (4-0-4)
PHYS 120, General Physics I (4-0-4)
PHED 102, Physical Education Activities (0-3-0)
Total (15-6-16)
SOPHOMORE
Fall Semester
Humanities or Social Science Sequence I (3-0-3)
GEOL 110, Physical Geology (3-0-3)d
GEOL 119, Geology Laboratory (0-3-1)
MATH 223, Calculus for Science and Engineering III (3-0-3)
PHYS 219, General Physics II (4-0-4)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Total (16-3-17)
Spring Semester
Humanities or Social Science Sequence II (3-0-3)
GEOL 210, Historical Geology and Paleontology (3-0-3) or
Approved elective (3-0-3)e
MATH 224, Elementary Differential Equations (3-0-3)
PHYS 220, General Physics III (3-0-3)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Total (15-0-15)
JUNIOR
Fall Semester
Humanities or Social Science Sequence III (3-0-3)
CHEM 301, Introductory Physical Chemistry I (3-0-3)c
GEOL 301, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (2-3-3) or
GEOL 341, Introductory Mineralogy and Petrology (3-3-4)f
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Total (14-3-15)/(15-3-16)
Spring Semester
Humanities or Social Science Sequence IV (3-0-3)
CHEM 302, Introductory Physical Chemistry II (3-0-3)c
GEOL 210, Historical Geology and Paleontology (3-0-3) or
Approved elective (3-0-3)e
GEOL 215, Spring Field Course (0-3-2)
GEOL 315, Structural Geology (2-3-3) or
GEOL 344, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2-6-4)g
Total (11-6-14)/(11/9/15)
SUMMER Between Junior and Senior years
GEOL 360, Summer Field Camp (6-0-6)
SENIOR
Fall Semester
Humanities or Social Science course (3-0-3)
GEOL 341, Introductory Mineralogy and Petrology (3-3-4) or
GEOL 301, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (2-3-3)f
Open elective (3-0-3)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Total (14-3-15)/(15-3-16)
Spring Semester
Humanities or Social Science elective (3-0-3)
GEOL 317, Spring Field Course (0-3-2)
GEOL 344, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2-6-4) or
GEOL 315, Structural Geology (2-3-3)g
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Approved elective (3-0-3)
Open elective (3-0-3)
Total (14-9-18)/(14-6-17)
Hours required for graduation 133
a Selected students may be invited to take PHYS 125, 126, General Physics I, II, - Honors, in place of an open elective and PHYS 120.
b One of these courses must be a humanities/social science course.
c Or EMAC 171 and 172, Physical Chemistry I, II, may be substituted with permission.
d GEOL 101, 102, 114, or 115 may be substituted for GEOL 110.
e GEOL 210 is offered even-numbered years.
f GEOL 301 is offered even-numbered years; GEOL 341, odd-numbered years.
g GEOL 315 is offered odd numbered years; GEOL 344, even-numbered years.
Graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees are offered. Both programs are flexible so as to meet the needs of the individual student, but general areas of study include aquatic systems, aquatic chemistry and environmental geochemistry, benthic ecology, biostratigraphy and paleontology, environmental and urban geology, geochronology, geomorphology, limnology, paleoclimatology, petrology, sedimentary geochemistry, sedimentation and stratigraphy, and stable isotope studies. More specific information will be furnished upon request by the departmental office and the Office of Admission of the School of Graduate Studies.
The department is housed in the Albert W. Smith Building. The research facilities include standard equipment for rock preparation, including thin sectioning and mineral separation facilities; laboratories for chemical analysis; alpha and gamma spectroscopic facilities for analysis of environmental nuclides; a scanning electron microscope; a solid source mass spectrometer for U-Pb and Rb-Sr geochronology; a gas source mass spectrometer and associated facilities for K-Ar studies, and two double collecting gas source mass spectrometers and extraction equipment for stable isotope studies.
The department also contains a wide range of equipment for mineralogic and petrographic studies, including the normal complement of reflected and transmitted light microscopes, fluid inclusion microscope, cathodoluminescence microscope, submicron particle size analyzer, high magnetic field mineral separator and X-ray diffraction equipment. Also housed in the department are well-equipped laboratories for paleontological and micropaleontological investigations, as well as laboratories for work in ecology and sedimentology.
Geological Sciences (GEOL)
GEOL 101. The Earth and Planets (3).
Application of mathematical and reasoning skills to such topics as the origin of the earth and planets, the nature of the interior of the earth, geological time, climate change, and the nature of geological materials. Stress will be placed on considering how we know the things we know. Problem solving through home work exercises which entail writing of computer programs. (Algebra II and geometry required. No previous computer experience needed.) Approved for Lambda Core natural sciences requirement.
GEOL 102. Geologic Cycles (3).
Global scale observations of geologic phenomena. Analysis of physical and chemical processes that govern the movement of energy and matter through the planet. Topics include the evolution of solid earth, atmosphere, and oceans: the relationship between carbon dioxide and climate; and human perturbations of global geochemical cycles. Approved for Lambda Core natural sciences requirement.
GEOL 110. Physical Geology (3).
Introduction to geologic processes and materials that shape the world we live in. Hydrologic cycle and evolution of landscapes. Earthquakes, volcanoes, plate tectonics, and geologic resources. Students desiring laboratory experience should enroll in GEOL 119 concurrently.
GEOL 114. Environment and Humankind (3).
The specialness of Planet Earth and its ability to cycle matter, including through living systems. Structure of natural ecosystems and what happens to these systems when altered by humans. Major factors discussed are human population, resources, agriculture and food production, industrial technology, and pollution. Required: All-day field trip following the Cuyahoga River.
GEOL 115. Introduction to Oceanography (3).
The science of oceanography. Physical, chemical, biologic, and geologic features and processes of the oceans. Differences and similarities between the oceans and large lakes including the Great Lakes.
GEOL 117. Weather and Climate (3).
Introduction to the study of weather and climate. Covers the basics of meteorology, climate zones, the hydrologic cycle, and weather prediction. Lectures address timely topics including greenhouse warming, past global climates, and recent advances in meteorology.
GEOL 119. Geology Laboratory (1).
Principles and techniques common to the geological sciences, including rock and mineral identification, map interpretation, landform analysis, application of geological information to engineering works, etc. One three-hour laboratory or field trip weekly.
GEOL 125. Ecosystems of the World (3).
Introduction to important natural ecosystems, their histories and likely futures. Emphasis on ecological principles and biodiversity. Nature films.
GEOL 196. Energy and Society (3).
Global and national perspectives on the problems of energy supply and demand, global warming, oil cartels, solar, nuclear and wind energy, energy history, politics and economics of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources.
GEOL 201. Environment and Law (3).
Problems in the environmental geosciences and the legal response. Types of pollution regulation, regulation of petroleum and coal exploration and development, water rights, wildlife and public lands management, common law remedies, and the role of scientific experts. Topics of current societal interest.
GEOL 210. Historical Geology and Paleontology (3).
History of life as recorded in sedimentary rocks. Case histories of important basins of deposition; the interrelationships of paleogeography, plate tectonics, and evolution. Two lectures and one laboratory weekly.
GEOL 215. Field Methods and Spring Field Course: Sedimentary Rocks and their Deformation (2).
Field procedures, recognition and testing of hypotheses in the field, and geologic mapping in the folded and faulted state of the Appalachian Mountains. Two Saturday sessions plus spring vacation field trip. Students will be required to pay for meals and lodging. Prerequisite: GEOL 119 or consent of instructor.
GEOL 220. Environmental Geology (3).
Geological attributes of environmental settings. Analysis of geologic conditions pertinent to engineering works, site development, resource availability, urban planning, etc. Recognition and assessment of geologic hazards. Prerequisite: GEOL 110, 119.
GEOL 301. Principles of Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (3).
Formation, distribution, and composition of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Modern depositional environments and their ancient analogues; principles of stratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlation. Two lectures and one laboratory per week. Prerequisite: One semester of introductory geology including laboratory, or consent of instructor.
GEOL 305. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing (3).
Recognition and interpretation of land forms and their significance in revealing present and past geologic processes. Introduction to acquisition and analysis of data though aerial photography and satellite imagery. Two lectures and one laboratory weekly. Prerequisite: GEOL 110, 119.
GEOL 307. Evolutionary Biology and Paleobiology of the Invertebrates (3).
Important events in the evolution of invertebrate life; structure, function, and phylogeny of major invertebrate groups.
GEOL 315. Structural Geology (3).
Geometrical characteristics and theoretical analysis of deformation in earth materials, with illustrations of deformational styles in various tectonic settings. Prerequisite GEOL 110 or consent of instructor.
GEOL 317. Field Methods and Spring Field Course: Environmental Geology (2).
Practice in field procedures, geologic mapping. and environmental site analysis. Requires spring vacation field trip and preparation of report. Prerequisite: GEOL 119 or consent of instructor.
GEOL 321. Hydrogeology (3).
Basic and applied concepts pertaining to the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Definitions, basic equations, applications to a variety of geologic settings, wells.
GEOL 322. Hydrogeology and Lab (4).
Basic and applied concepts pertaining to the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Definitions, basic equations, applications to a variety of geologic settings, wells. Requires students to make field measurements, analyze data and prepare reports.
GEOL 330. Geophysical Field Methods and Lab (4).
Use of seismic refraction and reflection, gravity, electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic methods to infer the earth's structure and composition. Application of inverse theory to estimate model parameters. Requires students to make field measurements, analyze data, and prepare a report. Three lectures and one three-hour laboratory weekly. Prerequisites: One semester each of college physics and calculus.
GEOL 331. Geophysical Field Methods (3).
Same as GEOL 330 but without laboratory and field report. Prerequisites: One semester each of college physics and calculus.
GEOL 336. Aquatic Chemistry (4).
Chemical equilibria occurring in natural waters. Quantitative methods of describing acid-base, metal ion/ligand, precipitation/dissolution, and oxidation/reduction reactions. Geochemical cycling of trace metals and nutrients.
GEOL 341. Introductory Mineralogy and Petrology (4).
Crystallography, hand specimen mineralogy and petrology, principles of crystal structure and crystal chemistry, and an introduction to the petrographic microscope. Three lectures and one three hour laboratory weekly. Prerequisite: GEOL 119 or consent of instructor.
GEOL 344. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (4).
Composition, classification, and genesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks, emphasizing physical and chemical principles governing their origin. Laboratory study of rocks in thin section. Two lectures and two three-hour laboratories weekly. Prerequisite: GEOL 341 or consent of instructor.
GEOL 349. Geological Problems. (1-3).
Special work arranged according to the qualifications of the student. Prerequisite: consent of departmental adviser.
GEOL 352. Environmental Geochemistry (3).
The role of geochemistry in environmental problems. Basic principles and engineering techniques applied to local, regional and global problems such as acid mine drainage, landfills, septic tanks, leaky underground storage tanks, soil and groundwater contamination, hazardous waste remediation, nuclear wastes, water and wastewater treatment; smog, lake eutrophication, radon, oil spills; global warming, ozone depletion.
GEOL 360. Summer Field Camp (6).
Six-week course in geologic field methods and mapping. Not offered at CWRU; must be taken at another college or university. Credits will he transferred. Prerequisite: consent of departmental adviser.
GEOL 397. Honors Research (1-3).
Library, field, or laboratory research. Thesis required for departmental honors. Limited to qualified seniors.
GEOL 398. Honors Research (1-3).
Library, field, or laboratory research. Thesis required for departmental honors. Limited to qualified seniors.
GEOL 403. Clay Mineralogy (3).
Structure, composition, and identification technique of the major clay groups. Origin of clays. Early and deep burial diagenesis of clays. Clays in the rock record.
GEOL 416. Benthic Ecology and Animal Sediment Relations (3).
Distribution, community structure, and adaptive strategies of marine and freshwater benthos; animal-sediment relations and the influence of benthic animals on chemical and physical properties of the sea floor. Prerequisite: GEOL 307, BIOL 336, or consent of instructor.
GEOL 420. Paleoecology (3).
Present-day ecological principles and paleoecological principles and techniques applied to problems of interpreting ancient environments.
GEOL 421. Hydrogeology (3).
Basic and applied concepts pertaining to the occurrence and movement of ground water. Definitions, basic equations, applications to a variety of geologic settings, wells.
GEOL 422. Hydrogeology and Lab (4).
Basic and applied concepts pertaining to the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Definitions, basic equations, applications to a variety of geologic settings, wells. Requires students to make field measurements, analyze data and prepare reports.
GEOL 425. Geotectonics (3).
Interpretation of the major crustal features of the earth in terms of plate tectonics and associated phenomena. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
GEOL 436. Aquatic Chemistry (4).
Chemical equilibria occurring in natural waters. Quantitative methods of describing acid-base, metal ion/ligand, precipitation/dissolution, and oxidation/reduction reactions. Geochemical cycling of trace metals and nutrients.
GEOL 437. Chemistry of Natural Waters (3).
Advanced topics in aquatic chemistry. Thermodynamic models for ion-ligand speciation in natural waters; origin and composition of seawater; chemical and mineralogical sequences during evaporation; chemical weathering; chemical cycling and global mass balances; perturbations on natural systems by man. Predictive capabilities of box models.
GEOL 438. Paleoclimatology (3).
Principle of paleoclimate and climatic change as deduced from the geologic record and knowledge of present-day climate.
GEOL 451. Isotope Geology (3).
Application of stable isotope studies in meteorology, hydrology, paleoclimatology, igneous and metamorphic petrology, sedimentology, and economic geology. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
GEOL 452. Geochronology (3).
Survey of methods for establishing absolute chronology of geologic events, with emphasis on principle and techniques of radiometric age determinations. Use of radiogenic isotopes as geologic tracers. Formation of the elements and early history of the solar system.
GEOL 461. Advanced Hydrogeology (3).
Computer solution techniques for groundwater flow and solute transport equations. Applications to field studies. Usefulness and limitations of modeling.
GEOL 501. Seminar in Paleontology and Stratigraphy (1-3).
GEOL 503. Seminar in Geomorphology-Glacial Geology (1).
GEOL 504. Seminar in Geochemistry (1-3).
GEOL 509. Seminar in Graduate Research (1).
GEOL 601. Special Problems and Research (credit as arranged).
GEOL 651. Master's Thesis (credit as arranged).
GEOL 701. Dissertation (credit as arranged).
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