For information about the adolescent health track of the master of public health degree, please see "Other Degree Programs" in the medical school section of this General Bulletin or contact the center. A certificate in adolescent health also is offered; please contact the center for more information.

The primary faculty in the center and secondary faculty housed in other university departments and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation form a highly cohesive group. Current research areas include the roles of protein factors in cis- and trans-splicing of mRNA, mechanisms of cis- and trans-splicing in nematodes, protein-dependent RNA catalysis, RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions studied by nuclear magnetic resonance, apolipoprotein B RNA editing, RNA editing in Physarum, the structure and catalytic function of RNA, RNA helicases, alternative pre-mRNA processing, the subcellular organization of RNPs in mammals, mRNA splicing in S. cerevisiae, mRNA transport in S. cerevisiae, pre-mRNA splicing by the major and minor spliceosomes, alternative splicing in Drosophila, and the control of gene expression and protein folding.

Alfred A. Rimm, Ph.D.
Director of the Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Medicine, Room W-G57
Phone: (216) 368-3195
E-mail: gradpro@hal.cwru.edu

The Institute for Public Health Sciences, located at MetroHealth Medical Center and at the School of Medicine, incorporates the disciplines of epidemiology and biostatistics, bioethics, and environmental health sciences to form the scientific foundation for public health research and education at the School of Medicine. The institute faculty are engaged in numerous research projects in the complementary disciplines and conduct collaborative studies with the basic and clinical science departments in the School of Medicine.

Graduate Programs

Bioethics (M.A.)
The master of arts in bioethics program, through the Center for Biomedical Ethics, examines the ethical, cultural and policy dimensions of health care, technology and the life sciences. The program contains a significant clinical component in which students become familiar with the clinical, psychological, social, professional and institutional context in which ethical problems arise. Please see the Center for Biomedical Ethics listing in this publication for more information.

Biostatistics (M.S. and Ph.D.)
The biostatistics track deals with concepts underlying the scientific method in biomedical research, the interpretation of medical and biological data, and both the theory and the practical realities of study design, data collection, statistical analysis and computing, and the reporting of results. An important activity involves the design and analysis of randomized clinical trials and intervention studies, either for prevention or treatment of disease in humans.

Epidemiology (M.S. and Ph.D.)
The epidemiology track includes the search for factors causing disease in humans and the study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases in human populations. The field of epidemiology also is concerned with the education of the public and strategies for adopting good health behavior practices.

Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology (M.S. and Ph.D.)
The track in genetic and molecular epidemiology involves the role of genetic factors in the etiology of disease in human populations, including investigation of their interactions with environmental and cultural factors as part of the disease process. Its integrated approach brings together genetic and epidemiologic perspectives to answer critical questions about human disease.

Health Services Research (M.S. and Ph.D.)
The health services research track focuses on the description, analysis and evaluation of the organization; staffing; financing; utilization; and delivery of health care, with emphasis on equity of access, cost/effectiveness, and certainty of quality of care to all individuals.

For information and an application to the graduate programs of the Institute of Public Health Sciences, contact:

Desiree A. Knauer, Admissions Secretary
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
10900 Euclid Ave.
Cleveland OH 44106-4945

INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Room W-378 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-3404

This curriculum is primarily designed for students in combined M.D./Ph.D. programs–for instance, the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Health Services Research Program, and the Physician Engineer Training Program (PETP). Please see the separate listings for these programs in this publication. The curriculum uses the curriculum of the first two years of the School of Medicine to provide a general education in biomedical science and medicine. It does not provide specialized research training, which is provided by the curricula of specific graduate programs. Inquiries about specific requirements should be addressed to the student’s own program.

For more information, contact:

Program Manager
Medical Scientist Training Program
School of Medicine
10900 Euclid Ave.
Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4936
Phone: (216) 368-3404
E-mail: mstp@po.cwru.edu

Integrated Biological Sciences (IBIS)

Graduate Courses

IBIS 401. Integrated Biological Sciences I (1-9)
A four-semester sequence encompassing anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and microbiology.

IBIS 402. Integrated Biological Sciences II (1-9)
A continuation of IBIS 401.

IBIS 403. Integrated Biological Sciences III (1-9)
A continuation of IBIS 402.

IBIS 404. Integrated Biological Sciences IV (1-9)
A continuation of IBIS 403.

IBIS 411. Clinical Science I (2)

IBIS 412. Clinical Science II (2)

IBIS 413. Clinical Science III (2)

IBIS 414. Clinical Science IV (2)

IBMS 500. Being a Professional Scientist (0)
The goal of this course is to provide graduate students with an opportunity to think through their professional ethical commitments before they are tested, on the basis of the scientific community’s accumulated experience with the issues. Students will be brought up to date on the current state of professional policy and federal regulation in this area, and, through case studies, will discuss practical strategies for preventing and resolving ethical problems in their own work. The course is designed to meet the requirements for "instruction about responsible conduct in research" for BSTP and MSTP students supported through NIH/ADAMHA institutional training grant programs at the University. The course will meet on four consecutive mornings, and attendance is required. Prereq: BSTP enrollment.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

Room W-235 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-3420
http://www.cwru.edu/med/microbio/mbio.htm

The Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology provides teaching and research related to the structure, regulation and expression of genes. The organisms under study in the laboratories of the faculty include viruses (especially retroviruses), prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and yeast), and animal cells (from both parasitic nematodes and vertebrates).

Members of the department participate in the teaching of first-year medical students in several committees. In the cell biology committee, for example, department faculty present material on the molecular basis for gene action and its relationship to human disease, emphasizing the methods and results that have led to the recent explosion of knowledge in this area. In addition, faculty offer special courses specifically designed for medical students.

Graduate Programs
The Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology participates in the Biological Sciences Training Program (BSTP, please see separate listing in this publication) and offers a program of study leading to the Ph.D. degree. The program emphasizes direct research participation under the guidance of a faculty mentor. Its goal is to produce scientists who will function as independent researchers at the forefront of biomedical science. Students may pursue their thesis research in several areas of eukaryotic and prokaryotic molecular biology. A minimal amount of didactic material is included in the first two years to provide a base of knowledge for selecting a research area and to prepare the students to read and critically interpret the primary literature.

First-year students are admitted to the BSTP and may choose laboratory rotations within the department. They participate in the integrated cellular and molecular biology sequence. (CBIO 453, 454, 455 and 456) and in department seminars. They also may be required to take a biochemistry course if proficiency cannot be demonstrated. Near the end of the first year, students select a thesis advisor and are assigned to a department.

After successful completion of the first-year curriculum, students are expected to complete a minimum of 12 credit hours of advanced course work. Any combination of courses from within or outside the department can fulfill the requirement as long as it has the approval of the student’s committee. Students take a qualifying examination to determine their readiness for advancement to candidacy. This exam consists of oral and written components and is given near the end of the second year. In subsequent years, students pursue their research activities full-time.

Each laboratory is fully equipped for state-of-the-art research in molecular biology and microbiology. In addition, several major instrument systems (oligonucleotide synthesis and purification, DNA sequence analysis, machine shop and instrumentation shop, etc.) are available to all members of the department.

Current research programs: post transcriptional modification of RNA and its role in gene expression; mechanisms of viral, messenger and ribosomal RNA processing; pre-messenger RNA splicing; RNA editing; retrovirus host interactions; regulation of viral and cellular oncogene expression and tumorigenesis by oncogenes; RNA catalysis; cell surface biochemistry and architecture; molecular parasitology; genetics and biochemistry of intracellular transport and sorting in yeast; bacterial cell division; biochemistry and genetics of bacterial transport systems; molecular biology of antibiotic resistance; and mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. Extensive interdepartmental collaborations ensure that a broad range of resources are available to every student.

Molecular Biology and Microbiology (MBIO)

Undergraduate Course

MBIO 399. Undergraduate Research (1-3)
Permits qualified undergraduates to work in a faculty member’s laboratory.

Graduate Courses

MBIO 420. Molecular Genetics of Cancer (3)
(See BIOC 420.) Cross-listed as BIOC 420 and MVIR 420.

MBIO 434. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (3)
Resistance to drugs is an important health concern in the new millennium. Over the past century, modern medicine has developed and prescribed drugs for various ailments and diseases with known therapeutic benefit. Since the discovery of antibiotics by Dr. Fleming, we have struggled with a new complication in infectious diseases, development of drug resistance. This course will focus on and compare the drug resistant mechanisms selected by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and tumor cells. Topics to be covered include antiretroviral resistance (e.g., AZT and protease inhibitors), antibiotic resistance (e.g., B-lactams), resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and resistance to anti-malarial drugs (e.g., chloroquinone). Cross-listed as MVIR 434 and PHRM 434.

MBIO 461. Prokaryotic Molecular Biology (3)
Basic techniques and research topics of microbial genetics and pathogenesis. Lecture and discussion format.

MBIO 472. Transcriptional Mechanisms (3)
A literature based course considering the transcriptional machinery and process of the RNA polymerases I, II, and III.

MBIO 488. Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology (3)
This seminar course provides an introduction to the genetics and molecular biology of the yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. pombe by a discussion of current literature focusing primarily on topics in yeast cell biology. Students are first introduced to the tools of molecular genetics and special features of yeasts that make them important model eukaryotic organisms. Some selected topics include cell polarity, cell cycle, secretory pathways, vesicular and nuclear/cytoplasmic transport, mitochondrial import and biogenesis, chromosome segregation, cytoskeleton, mating response and signal transduction. Cross-listed as CLBY 488, GENE 488, and PATH 488.

MBIO 518. Cell Surfaces and Matrices (3)
Molecular mechanisms by which cells interact with and are regulated by extracellular matrices and other cells. Cross-listed as NEUR 518.

MBIO 519. Molecular Biology of RNA (3)
Selected topics regarding editing, enzymatic function, splicing, and structure of RNA. Cross-listed as CLBY 519.

MBIO 601. Research in Molecular Biology and Microbiology (1-18)

MBIO 651. Thesis M.S. (1-18)

MBIO 701. Dissertation Ph.D. (1-18)

MBIO 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

MOLECULAR VIROLOGY PROGRAM

Room W-427 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-3344

The Molecular Virology Program offers graduate studies leading to the Ph.D. and combined M.D./Ph.D. degrees. The training program is designed to prepare highly qualified and motivated students for careers in biomedical research focused on viruses, viral vectors and virus-host interactions. The program draws its 18 faculty from several departments at Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and the Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. The faculty have particular strengths in the areas of viral replication, virus-host interactions, viral oncogenesis and the use of viral vectors for gene therapy.

The Molecular Virology Program participates in the Biomedical Sciences Training Program (BSTP, please see separate listing in this publication), which is a Ph.D. program consisting of 12 additional graduate training programs within the School of Medicine. Students interested in graduate training in molecular virology are admitted into the BSTP and are afforded the opportunity to study in any of the training program’s laboratories. During their first year, graduate students divide their time between course work, research rotations and research seminars.

All first-year students take the integrated BSTP core curriculum in cell and molecular biology (12 credit hours). They also complete at least three research rotations in laboratories of prospective advisors chosen by the students with the aid of a faculty advisor. These rotations provide the basis for choosing a permanent research advisor, which is done during the second semester of the first year. By choosing a faculty member who is affiliated with the Molecular Virology Program and deciding to satisfy its degree requirements, a student becomes a member of the program.

Students in the combined Medical Sciences Training Program (MSTP, an M.D./Ph.D. program, please see separate listing in this publication) also may join the Molecular Virology Program by the same route involving research rotations and selection of a program faculty member as the thesis advisor.

During the subsequent years, students devote most of their time to laboratory research while also completing four advanced courses, participating in the monthly virology seminar series, and attending journal clubs and other research seminars. By the end of the second year, each student must write and defend a research proposal, which serves as the qualifying exam for Ph.D. candidacy. The final requirement for the Ph.D. degree is the submission and defense of an acceptable dissertation based on original research of the student.

Faculty
Eric Arts, Amiya Banerjee, Cathleen Carlin, Cheng-Ming Chiang, Richard Eckert, Stanton Gerson, Richard W. Hanson, Nikki Harter, James Jacobberger, David Kaplan, John Nedrud, Rolf Renne, Ganes Sen, Robert Silverman, George Stark, Ed Stavnezer, Scott Vande Pol, and Bryan Williams.

Molecular Virology (MVIR)

Graduate Courses

MVIR 420. Molecular Genetics of Cancer (3)
Using a combination of lectures and student presentations, this course provides an in-depth analysis of cancer as a genetic disease in the Mendelian sense of inheritance and in the sense of causation by somatic mutation. The objectives of the course are to examine both the proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are the targets of oncogenic mutations and the mechanisms of mutational change. Discussions emphasize experimental approaches used to identify and study oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. This course also covers viral mechanisms of oncogenesis which involve interactions between viral proteins and the products of cellular proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Prereq: CBIO 453, CBIO 454, CBIO 455, and CBIO 456. Cross-listed as BIOC 420 and MBIO 420.

MVIR 434. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (3)
Resistance to drugs is an important health concern in the new millennium. Over the past century, modern medicine has developed and prescribed drugs for various ailments and diseases with known therapeutic benefit. Since the discovery of antibiotics by Dr. Fleming, we have struggled with a new complication in infectious diseases, development of drug resistance. This course will focus on and compare the drug resistant mechanisms selected by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and tumor cells. Topics to be covered include antiretroviral resistance (e.g., AZT and protease inhibitors), antibiotic resistance (e.g., B-lactams), resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and resistance to anti-malarial drugs (e.g., chloroquinone). Cross-listed as MBIO 434 and PHRM 434.

MVIR 445. Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of RNA and DNA Viruses (3)
Through a combination of lectures by faculty and guest lecturers, along with student discussion of current literature, this course emphasizes mechanisms of viral gene expression and pathogenesis. RNA viruses to be discussed include positive, negative, and retroviruses. DNA viruses include SV40, adenovirus, herpes, papilloma, and others. Important aspects of host defense mechanisms, antiviral agents, and viral vectors will also be covered. Students will be evaluated based on their quality of presentation of course papers assigned to them and their overall participation in class discussions. Prereq: CBIO 453, CBIO 454, CBIO 455, and CBIO 456.

MVIR 446. Host-Virus Interactions (3)
This course will explore both historical and contemporary literature with emphasis on: control of cell cycle, transformation, and cellular differentiation by viruses; viral manipulation of signal transduction, how viruses control cell apoptosis, viral manipulation of cytokine and cellular immune responses, and persistent viral infections. The format will be both lecture- and paper-based seminars. Grades are based upon class participation, a final examination, and a written proposal on a subject of interest chosen by the student. Prereq: CBIO 453, CBIO 454, CBIO 455, and CBIO 456. Cross-listed as BIOC 446 and PATH 446.

MVIR 481. Immunology of Infectious Diseases (3)
(See PATH 481.) Prereq: Introductory immunology course or consent of instructor. Cross-listed as PATH 481.

MVIR 601. Research (1-18)
Grade of S/U only.

MVIR 611. Seminar (1)
Discussion of current research.

MVIR 612. Seminar (1)
Discussion of current research.

MVIR 641. Proposition (2)
Design of research proposal. Grade of S/U only.

MVIR 642. Proposition (2)
Design of research proposal. Grade of S/U only.

MVIR 701. Dissertation (1-18)
Grade of S/U only.

MVIR 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

Departments of Neurosciences and Biomedical Engineering
Schools of Medicine and Engineering
Case Western Reserve University
Phone 216-368-6974
E-mail: nrb@po.cwru.edu

This program was developed to provide training to graduate students interested in pursing research that merges traditional neurobiology with engineering methodologies. Often these research projects quantitatively explore the mechanisms that underlie neuronal function at the single-cell or systems levels. Projects also can include applying computational techniques to important biological questions or, conversely, using biologically inspired neuronal networks to solve engineering problems. Students in this program also may work on problems related to interfacing external devices to the nervous system. Faculty associated with the program generally have their primary academic appointments in the Neurosciences, Physiology and Biophysics, Biology, or Biomedical Engineering departments. Affiliated faculty are organized around five general areas: (1) neural tissue engineering and development, (2) neural interfacing, (3) cellular neurophysiology, (4) molecular neurobiology, and (5) systems neuroscience. Students in the program are expected to take a series of core and elective courses from both primary departments. Interested students should contact the Department of Neurosciences at the e-mail address listed above to obtain a brochure that describes this program in detail.

DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCES

Room E-653 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-6251
http://neurowww.cwru.edu/

Neurosciences are the last great frontier in the biological sciences. How the nervous system functions to process information and mediate behavior, and how it forms during embryonic development and is modified to encode experience, are central questions in the neurosciences. Answering these questions requires a multidisciplinary approach combining the tools of electrophysiology, anatomy, biochemistry and molecular biology in studies of animals and tissue culture models.

The department offers a Ph.D. program that provides interdisciplinary training in modern neurosciences through a combination of course work, seminars and research experience. Medical students are encouraged to pursue research projects with neurosciences faculty and/or to make neurosciences an area of concentration.

Neuroscientists at Case Western Reserve are using state-of-the-art techniques and instrumentation to study several aspects of nervous system function, including neural circuitry and plasticity, development and regeneration, and cellular and molecular neurobiology. Techniques used include patch and voltage clamping neuronal membranes to study ion channels, gene cloning, sequencing and other molecular and genetic approaches to study the structure, function and regulation of neuronal proteins; electron microscopy, confocal and other imaging methods to study development and function of synapses; immunocytochemical techniques to study the molecular and biochemical basis of nervous system development and plasticity; and traditional anatomical, biochemical and physiological techniques.

Neurosciences (NEUR)

Graduate Courses

NEUR 402. Principles of Neural Science (3)
Lecture/discussion course covering concepts in cell and molecular neuroscience, principles of systems neuroscience as demonstrated in the somatosensory system, and fundamentals of the development of the nervous system. This course will prepare students for upper level Neuroscience courses and is also suitable for students in other programs who desire an understanding of neurosciences. Prereq: CBIO 453. Cross-listed as BIOL 402.

NEUR 405. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (3)
Cell biology of nerve cells, including aspects of synaptic structure physiology and chemistry. The application of molecular biological tools to questions of synaptic function will be addressed. Prereq: BIOL 473.

NEUR 406. Systems Neurosciences (4)
A comprehensive course designed to give graduate students a wide-ranging introduction to the organization and function of the nervous system. Topics to be covered include the anatomy, physiology and function of the mammalian central nervous system, as well as the organization of simple nervous systems. Lectures, laboratories and student presentations of classic papers will be used.

NEUR 411. Neurobiology of Disease (1)
Designed to show how basic research in neuroscience has contributed to the management of clinical problems in human neurology and to discuss some of the further challenges posed by human disease for research in neurobiology. The general format will include clinical descriptions of patient presentation, discussion of the disease mechanisms and an analysis of contributions of cellular and systems neuroscience to understanding of the human disorder. Specific topics to be discussed include myasthenia gravis, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), multiple sclerosis, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, poliomyelitis, seizures and strokes. Prereq: NEUR 405 or NEUR 406.

NEUR 415. Neuroscience Seminars (1)
Current topics of interest in neurosciences. Students attend weekly seminars. From this series, students prepare critiques. No credit is given for less than 75% attendance.

NEUR 427. Neural Development (3)
Topics include cell commitment, regulation of proliferation and differentiation, cell death and trophic factors, pathfinding by the outgrowing nerve fiber, synapse formation, relationships between center and periphery in development and the role of activity. Cross-listed as BIOL 427.

NEUR 432. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Vision (3)
Increasingly, progress in the study of visual science is requiring multidisciplinary approaches that draw from the areas of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience and pathology. We have recognized this fact and have adapted this course to fit the needs of tomorrow’s scientists. This course encompasses the basic science aspects of the eye. Subjects include retinal anatomy and function; biochemical, molecular aspects of retinal disease and cataract; cellular and molecular neuroscience aspects pertinent to the visual system. Cross-listed as PATH 432 and PHRM 432.

NEUR 433. Membrane Transport Processes (3)
(See PHRM 433.) Cross-listed as PHRM 433.

NEUR 435. Vision: Molecules to Perception (3)
The organization, physiology, and function of the vertebrate visual system are considered in detail. The visual pathway from retina to LGN and visual cortex is described with an emphasis on circuits that produce successively more complex receptive field properties. Classic papers and current literature form the basic course material. Assessment is based on student presentations, class participation, and a term paper. Prereq: NEUR 402 or consent of instructor. Cross-listed as PSCL 435.

NEUR 440. Synaptic Transmission (2)
This course will explore the basic mechanisms of synaptic transmission that operate at central and peripheral synapses. Students will read and present a mixture of historical and modern papers that established the fundamental principles of synaptic transmission and plasticity. The course will begin with a brief review of cellular neurophysiology and the techniques used to study synaptic potentials. We will then read classic papers by Katz and colleagues that defined the mechanisms controlling transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Next we will consider the role of calcium in regulating the release of neurotransmitters and in short-term modulation of synaptic potentials. We will then explore pre- and post-synaptic processes such as receptor saturation and vesicle dynamics that govern the amplitude and time course of post-synaptic potentials. Quantal analysis and silent synapses will be discussed in the context of the present-day controversies regarding long-term potentiation at central synapses. We will also consider the relationship between short- and long-term synaptic plasticity and behavioral functions such as learning and memory. Occasional faculty lectures will complement student presentations on primary research articles. Student grades will be based on two short (5 page) essays and class participation. Prereq: Permission of the course director.

NEUR 473. Introduction to Neurobiology (3)
(See BIOL 473.) Cross-listed as BIOL 473.

NEUR 474. Neurobiology of Behavior (3)
(See BIOL 374.) Cross-listed as BIOL 474.

NEUR 476. Neurobiology Laboratory (3)
(See BIOL 476.) Cross-listed as BIOL 476.

NEUR 478. Computational Neuroscience (3)
Computer simulation of neurons and neural circuits, and the computational properties of nervous systems. Students are taught a range of models for neurons and neural circuits, and are asked to implement and explore the computational and dynamic properties of these models. The course introduces students to dynamical systems theory for the analysis of neurons and neural circuits, as well as to cable theory, passive and active compartmental modeling, numerical integration methods, models of plasticity and learning, models of brain systems, and their relationship to artificial neural networks. Term project required. Two lectures per week. Cross-listed as EECS 478.

NEUR 479. Seminar in Computational Neuroscience (3)
Readings and discussion in the recent literature on computational neuroscience, adaptive behavior, and other current topics. Cross-listed as BIOL 479.

NEUR 518. Cell Surfaces and Matrices (3)
Lecture and discussion course emphasizing current advances in cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Cross-listed as CLBY 518 and MBIO 518.

NEUR 534. Neurogenetics (3)
This course will explore how principles of genetics can be used as tools to study the complex organization of the nervous system. Examples will be drawn from all relevant model organisms including nematode, fruit fly, mouse, and human. Meant primarily for students with an interest in neuroscience, this course will offer a strong foundation in genetic principles using examples drawn from the neuroscience literature. Students in other disciplines, especially genetics, will benefit from the examples to learn important aspects of the neurosciences ranging from behavior to development. These interdisciplinary features make this course unique in its offerings and a valuable addition to many students’ course of study. Prereq: CBIO 453 and CBIO 455. Cross-listed as GENE 534.

NEUR 601. Research in Neuroscience (1-18)

NEUR 701. Dissertation Ph.D. (1-18)

NEUR 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION

School of Dentistry Building
Room 201
Phone 216-368-2440
Fax 216-368-6644
Website: http://www.cwru.edu/med/nutrition/home.html
Chair: Henri Brunengraber, M.D., Ph.D.

The department’s focus is on human nutrition and the application of the science of nutrition to the maintenance and improvement of health. Undergraduate programs are designed for students interested in nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, molecular nutrition, professional study in dietetics, public health nutrition, medicine, dentistry or nursing. Graduate programs emphasize dietetics, public health nutrition, nutritional biochemistry and molecular nutrition.

The Department of Nutrition offers programs leading to the following: bachelor of science degree in nutrition, bachelor of arts degree in nutrition, bachelor of arts degree in nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, bachelor of science degree in nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, master of science degree in nutrition, master of science degree in public health nutrition, and doctor of philosophy degree. A nutrition minor is available. Specialty programs are available in areas such as maternal and child nutrition or gerontology. The specialty is in addition to the basic graduate degree.

Special announcements describing the various programs and providing additional information are available from the department.

Undergraduate Programs
Please see the College of Arts and Sciences section in this publication.

Graduate Programs

Master of Science Degree in Nutrition
This degree program offers two options. For those pursuing the thesis option, 30 semester hours of a planned program of study are required, including six to nine semester hours of research, as well as a final oral defense of the thesis. The non-thesis option requires 30 semester hours and a final written, comprehensive examination.

All candidates are required to take 15 semester hours of nutrition, including six hours of advanced human nutrition. In addition, students are encouraged to pursue complementary studies in the biomedical sciences, social and behavioral sciences, or management. The plan of study may vary considerably depending on the education, goals and specific interests of each student. Students may elect to focus on nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, and molecular nutrition. The individual program also may be planned to fulfill the academic requirements for dietetic registration and membership in the American Dietetic Association.

Master of Science Degree in Public Health Nutrition/Internship
The primary goal of this program is to prepare nutrition specialists to function in public health/community agencies. A minimum of 35 semester hours of combined academic work and field experience is required to earn the degree. Course work focuses on human nutrition, dietetics, and the public health sciences. Field experience is concurrent with course work utilizing local community agencies for direct application of theory to practice. The final phase of the program is an eight-week, full-time experience with a public health agency that has a strong nutrition component. The student works closely with an advisor throughout the program, on an individual basis.

In addition to the general health program, students may elect to specialize in maternal and child nutrition or gerontology. The gerontology specialty is certified through the Center on Aging and Health located on campus. Each specialty requires additional semester hours of academic work. A portion of the field experience is specified for either population group.

For students wishing to become eligible to sit for the Registered Dietitian (R.D.) examination, the program is also currently granted developmental accreditation by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE) of the American Dietetic Association as an Internship. CADE is a specialized accrediting body recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation and the United States Department of Education.

Coordinated Dietetic Internship/Master’s Degree Program
The Coordinated Dietetic Internship/Master’s Degree Program combines academic work with clinical practice at either of the dietetic internships at University Hospitals of Cleveland or the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. A minimum of 27 semester hours is required. Admission is contingent on the student’s being selected and matched to one of the hospitals. Appointment to these internships follows the admission procedure outlined by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education of the American Dietetic Association. Contact the Department of Nutrition for information regarding application.

Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Nutrition
The Doctor of Philosophy degree in nutrition is awarded for study and research in nutrition. Areas of concentration are: clinical or community nutrition, nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, and molecular nutrition.

Additional information about graduate degree programs may be obtained from the department.

Nutrition (NTRN)

Undergraduate Courses
(Please see College of Arts and Sciences)

Graduate Courses

NTRN 410. History of Food and Nutrition (3)
Investigations of the development of nutrition as a science and interactions with medicine, agriculture, public health and dietetics. Food and technological effects on health. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

NTRN 433. Advanced Human Nutrition I (4)
Emphasis on reading original research literature in energy, protein and minerals with development of critical evaluation and thinking skills. Prereq: NTRN 201 and CHEM 223 and BIOL 348 or equivalent.

NTRN 434. Advanced Human Nutrition II (3)
Emphasis on reading original research literature on vitamins with development of critical evaluation and thinking skills. Prereq: NTRN 433 or consent.

NTRN 435. Maternal and Child Nutrition (3)
Study of current research literature on nutrition for pregnancy, lactation, infancy and childhood, including assessment and requirements. Prereq: Nutrition major or consent of instructor.

NTRN 437. Evaluation of Nutrition Information for Consumers (3)
Reading and appraisal of food and nutrition literature written for the general public, including books, periodicals, and audio and visual sources. Prereq: Nutrition major or consent of instructor.

NTRN 438. Trends in Diet Therapy (3)
Evaluation and interpretation of modern concepts of nutrition related to abnormalities requiring dietary modifications. Prereq: NTRN 365 or equivalent.

NTRN 440. Nutrition for the Aging and Aged (3)
Consideration of the processes of aging and needs which continue throughout life. The influences of food availability, intake, economics, culture, physical and social conditions and chronic disease as they affect the ability of the aged to cope with living situations. Prereq: Nutrition major or consent of instructor.

NTRN 446. Advanced Maternal Nutrition: Special Topics (3)
Analysis of the problems commonly associated with high-risk pregnancies and fetal outcome. Discussion of causes, mechanisms, management and current research. Prereq: NTRN 435 or consent.

NTRN 451. Food Service Systems Management (3)
Application of organizational theory and skills in the preparation and service of quantity food. Laboratory experiences in professional food services are included. Students will analyze one aspect of food service management in depth. Prereq: Nutrition Major or consent.

NTRN 452. Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism (3)
Mechanisms of regulation of pathways of intermediary metabolism; amplification of biochemical signals; substrate cycling and use of radioactive and stable isotopes to measure metabolic rates. Prereq: BIOC 307 or equivalent. Cross-listed as BIOC 452.

NTRN 454. Isotope Tracer Methodology (3)
Stable and radioactive isotopes in metabolic research concentrating on the design of in-vitro and in-vivo investigative protocols using mostly stable isotopes and mass spectrometric analysis; critical interpretation of data from the recent literature; and pathway identification and kinetics. Prereq: BIOC 407.

NTRN 455. Molecular Nutrition (3)
Nutrient control of gene expression in mammalian cells and deregulation of expression of these genes. The molecular basis of nutrition-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, PKU, and LDL-receptor deficiency, will be discussed. The application of genetic manipulation to metabolism and nutrition will be evaluated. Prereq: BIOC 407.

NTRN 460. Sports Nutrition (3)
Study of the relationships of nutrition and food intake to body composition and human performance. Laboratory sessions include demonstrations of body composition and fitness measurements and participation in a research project. Prereq: NTRN 363 or NTRN 433 or consent.

NTRN 516. Seminar in Dietetics I (4)
Study of scientific basis for clinical and community nutrition practice and developments in food service systems management. Prereq: Dietetic internship.

NTRN 517. Seminar in Dietetics II (4)
Study of scientific basis for clinical and community nutrition practice and developments in food service systems management. Prereq: Dietetic internship.

NTRN 528. Introduction to Public Health Nutrition (3)
Philosophy, objectives, organization, and focus of government and voluntary agencies with emphasis on nutrition components. Prereq: Public health nutrition majors only.

NTRN 530. Public Health Nutrition (3)
Analysis of public health programs in government and voluntary health agencies and the effect of legislation. Emphasis on integration with other disciplines working in public health settings and the role of a public health nutritionist. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

NTRN 531. Public Health Nutrition Field Experience (1-6)
Individually planned public health experience. May be concurrent with course work in local agencies or in blocks of full-time work with a city, county, or state health agency. Prereq: Open to public health nutrition students only.

NTRN 532A. General Nutrition Care (1-3)
Individually arranged clinical experience.

NTRN 532C. Specialized Public Health Nutrition Field Experience (1-3)
Individually arranged clinical experience. Prereq: Public Health Nutrition students only.

NTRN 532D. Hospital Dietetics (1-3)
Individually arranged clinical experience.

NTRN 532E. Clinical Research: Methods in Nutrition and Metabolism (3)
Individually arranged.

NTRN 533. Nutritional Care of Neonate (3)
Nutritional assessment and management of high-risk newborns with emphasis on prematurity and low birth weight. Review of current literature coordinated with clinical experience in the neonatal intensive care unit. Issues on follow-up included. Prereq: NTRN 435 or consent.

NTRN 550A. Advanced Community Nutrition (3)
Development of skills needed by the community dietitian. Emphasis on effective tools for service development and delivery. Recommended courses of action for the professional.

NTRN 550B. Seminar: Dietetics (1)

NTRN 551. Seminar in Advanced Nutrition (2-3)

NTRN 561. Investigative Methods in Nutrition (1-4)
Research methods appropriate for nutrition. Methods for conducting research in nutrition and food sciences, food service management and dietetics. Designing research proposals. Prereq: Nutrition major or consent of instructor.

NTRN 601. Special Problems (1-18)

NTRN 651. Thesis M.S. (1-18)

NTRN 701. Dissertation Ph.D. (1-18)

NTRN 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY

Institute of Pathology
2085 Adelbert Road
Phone 216-368-0360
Website: http://www.cwru.edu/med/pathology/

Graduate Programs
The Department of Pathology offers graduate educational and research programs in a diverse set of areas, collectively referred to as experimental pathology. The doctoral program is designed to train the graduate for a career in basic biomedical science, academic medicine or industry via an experience that provides a fundamental understanding of normal and disease processes and an ability to apply sophisticated research tools for their analysis. Training leading to the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree can be predoctoral, postdoctoral (Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dental Surgery, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) or part of a combined M.D./Ph.D. (Medical Scientist Training Program, please see separate listing in this publication) program.

Facilities
The research facilities are commensurate with the needs of the most contemporary of laboratories. Facilities include, for example, equipment for flow cytometry, mass spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cell culture, monoclonal antibody production, and recombinant DNA technologies. The department has particular commitments to immunology, cancer biology, tissue injury and healing, biomaterials biocompatibility, neurobiology and aging. Members of the faculty are specialists in immunology, neuropathology, cell biology, vascular biology, molecular biology, virology and carcinogenesis.

Pathology (PATH)

Undergraduate Courses

PATH 390. Undergraduate Research in Cancer Biology,
Immunology, or Pathology (1-3)
Students undertake a research project directly related to ongoing research in the investigator’s/instructor’s laboratory. Written proposal outlining research topic, a schedule of meetings and format and length of final written report to be prepared prior to registration for credit. Prereq: One year of college chemistry and consent of instructor.

PATH 395. Selected Readings in Immunology, Cancer Biology, or Pathology (1-3)
Relevant readings and literature search on particular immunology, cancer biology or pathology topic(s) chosen by the student and directed by the instructor. Written proposal outlining chosen topic, type of work to be done, a schedule of meetings and format and length of final written report to be prepared prior to registration for credit. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

Graduate Courses

PATH 410. Aging and the Nervous System (1)
Lectures and discussion on aspects of neurobiology of aging in model systems; current research on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 412. Theories of Aging and Longevity (1)
Insight into current theories of aging of molecules, cells, extracellular elements and their relationship to lifespan in human beings and other vertebrates. Lecture/journal club format. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 415. Cytoskeleton and Disease (1)
Discussion of recent papers that have added to knowledge of normal cytoskeletal functions and their alterations in disease. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 416. Fundamental Immunology (3)
Introductory immunology providing an overview of the immune system, including activation, effector mechanisms, and regulation. Topics include antigen-antibody reactions, immunologically important cell surface receptors, cell-cell interactions, cell-mediated immunity and basic molecular biology of B and T lymphocytes. Lectures emphasize experimental findings leading to the concepts of modern immunology. Prereq: BIOL 210 or BIOL 215, graduate standing and consent of instructor. Cross-listed as BIOL 416 and CLBY 416.

PATH 417. Cytokines: Function, Structure, and Signaling (3)
Regulation of immune responses and differentiation of leukocytes is modulated by proteins (cytokines) secreted and/or expressed by both immune and non-immune cells. Course examines the function, expression, gene organization, structure, receptors, and intracellular signaling of cytokines. Topic include regulatory and inflammatory cytokines, colony stimulating factors, chemokines, cytokine and cytokine receptor gene families, intracellular signaling through STAT proteins and tyrosine phosphorylation, clinical potential, and genetic defects. Lecture format using texts, scientific reviews and research articles. Prereq: PATH 416 or equivalent. Cross-listed as BIOL 417 and CLBY 417.

PATH 418. Tumor Immunology (2)
Interactions between the immune system and tumor cells. Topics include the historical definition of tumor specific transplantation antigens, immune responses against tumor cells, the effects of tumor cell products on host immune responses, molecular identification of tumor specific transplantation antigens and recent advances in the immunotherapy of human cancers. Prereq: PATH 416.

PATH 430. Oxidative Stress and Disease Pathogenesis (1)
Oxidative stress and free radicals are implicated in a number of disease processes including aging, arthritis, emphysema, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Lecture course with discussion of recent studies concerning the formation and destructive mechanisms of free radicals in the context of various disease processes. Students read assigned papers and discuss these in class. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 432. Biomedical and Molecular Aspects of Vision (3)
Increasingly, progress in the study of visual science is requiring multidisciplinary approaches that draw from the areas of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience and pathology. We have recognized this fact and have adapted this course to fit the needs of tomorrow’s scientists. This course encompasses the basic science aspects of the eye. Subjects include retinal anatomy and function; biochemical, molecular aspects of retinal disease and cataract; cellular and molecular neuroscience aspects pertinent to the visual system. Cross-listed as NEUR 432 and PHRM 432.

PATH 444. Neurodegenerative Diseases:Pathological,Cell. & Molecular Perspectives (3)
This course, taught by several faculty members, encompasses the full range of factors that contribute to the development of neurodegeneration. Subjects include pathological aspects, neurodegeneration, genetic aspects, protein conformation and cell biology in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases. Students read assigned primary literature and present and discuss these in class. Prereq: Consent of instructors.

PATH 446. Host-Virus Interactions (3)
(See MVIR 446.) Cross-listed as MVIR 446.

PATH 465. Advanced Immunobiology (3)
Advanced immunology topics course covering the most important and recent advancements in specific areas of immunobiology. Course organization includes lectures by the faculty to give an overview of each topic emphasizing the recent advancements in that area, followed by student presentations of important papers and discussion on related topics. Course also includes participation in an immunology journal club (literature review/discussion session). Prereq: PATH 416.

PATH 477. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Immune Dysfunction (3)
Lectures and student presentations focusing on immunologic mechanisms of tissue injury, disorders of the immune response and diseases of immunocompetent cells. Hypersensitivity, allergy, immune complex disease, immune deficiency, lymphoma and multiple myeloma discussed from chemical, cellular and physiological perspectives. Prereq: PATH 416 or consent of instructor.

PATH 480. Immunology, Evolution, and Logic (3)
Review and discussion of current research papers and selected sections of scientific books to explore connections between immunological recognition, evolution and logic. Emphasis placed on student analysis of scientific concepts, interpretation of data and synthesis of ideas. Prereq: PATH 416 or PATH 510 or consent of instructor.

PATH 481. Immunology of Infectious Diseases (3)
Lectures and discussion on the immune response to infectious organisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Emphasis on human responses but includes discussions of animal models. Other topics include vaccines and infections in immuno-compromised hosts. Prereq: PATH 416 or consent of instructor. Cross-listed as MVIR 481.

PATH 487. Cell Biology of the Nucleus (3)
Discussion of current cell biology research on the structure and functions of the nuclear envelope, the matrix and chromatin. Prereq: CBIO 453 and CBIO 454 and CBIO 455 and CBIO 456 or consent of instructor. Cross-listed as CLBY 487.

PATH 488. Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology (3)
(See MBIO 488.) Prereq: CBIO 453 and CBIO 454 and CBIO 455 and CBIO 456. Cross-listed as MBIO 488.

PATH 510. Basic Pathologic Mechanisms (4)
An interdisciplinary introduction to the fundamental principles of molecular and cellular biology as they relate to the pathologic basis of disease. Lectures, laboratories, conferences. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 511. Experimental Pathology Seminar I (1)
Weekly discussions of current topics and research by students, staff and distinguished visitors.

PATH 512. Experimental Pathology Seminar II (1)
Weekly discussions of current topics and research by students, staff and distinguished visitors.

PATH 516. Experimental Pathology (3)
Lecture series in cell injury, inflammation, degenerative and aging processes. Morphologic and biochemical considerations. Emphasis on investigational approaches and current work. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PATH 525. Transport and Targeting of Macromolecules in Health and Disease (3)
Each class includes introductory lecture, followed by student participation in interactive discussion of 3 to 5 research publications. At the end of the course, the students are expected to submit a paper or a short research proposal on any of the topics discussed during the course. Prereq: CBIO 453, CBIO 454, CBIO 455, and CBIO 456. Cross-listed as CLBY 525.

PATH 527. Mechanisms of Cell Growth Control (3)
In-depth study of examples of cellular growth control involving hormonal, metabolic, transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms in higher eukaryotes using current scientific reviews and research articles. During each class period, students summarize research articles orally and lead discussions of the scientific points raised in the papers, with facilitation by the instructor. Emphasis placed not only on the scientific content of the papers, but also on developing skills of interpretation of published work and oral presentation. Attendance at research seminars relevant to the topic also required. Prereq: CBIO 453 and CBIO 454 and CBIO 455 and CBIO 456 and consent of instructor.

PATH 601. Special Problems (1-18)
Research on the nature and causation of disease and on host factors which tend to protect against disease. Special courses and tutorials in subspecialty areas of general and/or systemic anatomic and/or clinical pathology. Prereq: Consent of Chair of Graduate Committee.

PATH 651. Thesis M.S. (1-18)

PATH 701. Dissertation Ph.D. (1-18)

PATH 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

Room W-312 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-4617
http://pharmacology.cwru.edu/

Graduate Program
The Department of Pharmacology offers training leading to the Ph.D. or M.D./Ph.D. degree for highly qualified post-undergraduate candidates committed to academic research careers in the biomedical sciences. Adequate preparation in the biological sciences, calculus, organic chemistry, and physics or physical chemistry is a prerequisite for admission.

Multidisciplinary training, carried out by faculty in pharmacology and other basic science departments, emphasizes molecular, cellular and clinical aspects of the pharmacologic sciences. Areas of faculty expertise include drug/xenobiotic metabolism; drug/hormone/mediator receptors, receptor-ligand interactions, and biochemical reaction mechanisms; cell biology and structure of membrane components; macromolecular structure and function; intracellular signaling, endocrine and metabolic regulation; hormonal regulation of gene expression; neuroscience/neuropharmacology-oncology; psychopharmacology; developmental biology/pharmacology; structural analysis of function; and clinical pharmacology.

Students seeking the Ph.D. degree are admitted directly into the Department of Pharmacology or through the Biomedical Sciences Training Program (BSTP, please see separate entry in this publication), which provides an introduction to many related training areas within the biomedical field during the first year. Thus, students follow an integrated first-year sequence of course work that involves a core curriculum in cell and molecular biology. In addition, the first year includes three research rotations that allow the students to sample areas of research and become familiar with faculty members and their laboratories. Selection of a specific training program and thesis advisor is made before the end of the first year.

Students pursue advanced-level courses–including a core of courses on molecular pharmacology, fundamentals of therapeutic agents, and pharmacokinetics–that emphasize principles of molecular structure, drug receptor interactions, mechanisms of drug action, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, as well as adverse drug interactions illustrating these principles.

Admission to Ph.D. candidacy is based on successful course work, laboratory performance and the completion of a two-part qualifying exam. The Ph.D. degree is awarded to students who complete a research project leading to an original and meritorious scientific contribution that is accepted for publication by a leading journal in the chosen field.

Students who desire the combined M.D./Ph.D. degrees are admitted to the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP, please see separate listing in this publication). These students participate in the two-year integrated preclinical curriculum of the School of Medicine, which features clinical correlation of basic biologic concepts. Combined degree students who select the Ph.D. in pharmacology undertake a series of advanced courses, research rotations, preliminary examinations and dissertation research similar to that described above for conventional Ph.D. candidates.

Facilities
The Department of Pharmacology occupies more than 20,000 net square feet in the School of Medicine Harland Goff Wood Building. It currently houses the Basic Sciences Instrumentation Shop, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, and a darkroom. In addition to cell/tissue culture and advanced chromatographic separation capabilities, more specialized research techniques utilized include various aspects of recombinant DNA and hybridoma technology, in situ hybridization histochemistry and mass spectroscopy.

Pharmacology (PHRM)

Undergraduate Course

PHRM 301. Undergraduate Research (1-18)

Graduate Courses

PHRM 400. Research Experience in Pharmacology (0)
Research rotation in Pharmacology.

PHRM 413. Molecular and Genomic Pharmacology (3)
The primary goal of this seminar style course is the development of a critical approach to the evaluation and design of research in the broad context of the interaction of receptors with endogenous ligands and with drugs and the determination of the polygenetic basis of disease states and interindividual variation in responsiveness to drugs. Lectures and/or journal article presentation will illustrate the application of fundamental principles of chemistry, biochemistry, thermodynamics, genomics, and pharmacology to experimental problem solving. Students and faculty participate as discussion leaders. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PHRM 421. Fundamentals of Therapeutic Agents (3)
A rational approach to the use of drugs based upon a knowledge of receptor theory and a consideration of the pharmacokinetic factors that limit the duration of drug action. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PHRM 423. Drug Action and Biodisposition (3)
Mechanisms of therapeutic action and adverse side effects for major drug classes leading to a rational approach to drug choice using a problem-solving approach based on selected disease states. Prereq: Consent of staff.

PHRM 430. Advanced Methods in Structural Biology I (3)
(See BIOC 430.) Cross-listed as BIOC 430.

PHRM 432. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Vision (3)
Increasingly, progress in the study of visual science is requiring multidisciplinary approaches that draw from the areas of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience and pathology. We have recognized this fact and have adapted this course to fit the needs of tomorrow’s scientists. This course encompasses the basic science aspects of the eye. Subjects include retinal anatomy and function; biochemical, molecular aspects of retinal disease and cataract; cellular and molecular neuroscience aspects pertinent to the visual system. Cross-listed as NEUR 432 and PATH 432.

PHRM 433. Membrane Transport Processes (3)
Energetics, genetics, protein structure and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane transport systems. Prereq: BIOC 307 or BIOC 407. Coreq: CBIO 453. Cross-listed as NEUR 433.

PHRM 434. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (3)
Resistance to drugs is an important health concern in the new millennium. Over the past century, modern medicine has developed and prescribed drugs for various ailments and diseases with known therapeutic benefit. Since the discovery of antibiotics by Dr. Fleming, we have struggled with a new complication in infectious diseases, development of drug resistance. This course will focus on and compare the drug resistant mechanisms selected by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and tumor cells. Topics to be covered include antiretroviral resistance (e.g., AZT and protease inhibitors), antibiotic resistance (e.g., B-lactams), resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and resistance to anti-malarial drugs (e.g., chloroquinone). Cross-listed as MBIO 434 and MVIR 434.

PHRM 435. Integrative Systems Physiology and Therapeutics (3)
This is a lecture-based and interactive learning course that will provide in-depth overviews of the major physiological systems in humans and the important drug classes that are used to treat pathophysiological states within each system. The major topics of discussion include the circulatory, renal, nervous, muscle, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems as well as a basic chemotherapy section. Typical drugs that target components of each system will be presented by faculty and students. Learning activities will emphasize the molecular mechanisms of action of each drug. Each major topic area will conclude with a problem-based learning session that will consist of interactive, small group learning experiences on drug discovery, action, or related topics. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PHRM 506. Central Nervous System Pharmacology (3)
Principles of neurotransmission in the central nervous system: the pharmacology of drug-induced alterations in these central systems and neurochemical basis of behavior and selected neurological and psychiatric diseases. Lecture seminar.

PHRM 511. Pharmacology Seminar Series (0-1)
Current topics of interest in the pharmacologist sciences.

PHRM 514. Pharmacokinetics (2)
Seminar on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and the mechanisms of adverse drug interaction. Prereq: PHRM 413.

PHRM 515. Endocrine Pharmacology (3)
Seminar lecture course on regulation at the molecular level of selected interrelated endocrine systems. Prereq: Consent of instructor. Cross-listed as BIOC 515.

PHRM 520. Introduction to Cancer Biology and Chemotherapy (3)
Cancer influences the lives of one in three people in the United States. Cancer is multistaged and is a series of disease within every organ of the body. Recent rapid advances in the fundamental causes, treatment, and prevention of cancer make research in this area important and interesting, not just to students interested in cancer, but to those interested in other fields, such as DNA Repair, Cell Cycle Regulation, Hormonal Regulation, Gene Regulation, Angiogenesis, and basic Molecular and Cellular Biology. This team-taught lecture/seminar course is an introduction to the genetics, prevention, and treatment of cancers. The course represents a survey covering: DNA damage and repair; cancer genetics; chemical carcinogenesis and prevention; signal transduction; cell cycle checkpoint regulation; hormonal regulation; chemotherapy and apoptosis. This course will also include an examination of the pathology of cancer and cancer epidemiology and biostatistics, in addition to the cellular and molecular biology of cancer. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PHRM 523. Advanced NMR Spectroscopy in Structural Biology (3)
(See PHOL 523.) Cross-listed as PHOL 523.

PHRM 525. Topics in Cell and Molecular Pharmacology (3)
Individual library research project under the guidance of a pharmacology sponsor. Projects will reflect the research interest of the faculty sponsor, including molecular endocrinology, neuropharmacology, receptor activation and signal transduction, molecular mechanisms of enzyme action and metabolic regulation. Prereq: Consent of instructor.

PHRM 543. Developmental Pharmacology (3)
Principles of ontogeny related to drug sensitivity. Lecture, literature.

PHRM 601. Independent Study and Research (1-18)

PHRM 651. Thesis M.S. (1-18)

PHRM 701. Dissertation Ph.D. (1-18)

PHRM 702. Appointed Dissertation Fellow (9)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS

Room E-541 School of Medicine
Phone 216-368-5529
http://physiology.cwru.edu/

Graduate Programs
The Department of Physiology and Biophysics offers graduate training in contemporary physiology and biophysics and has three programs leading to the Ph.D. It also has two programs leading to master of science degrees, in exercise physiology and physiology.

The major goals of the Ph.D. programs are to provide students with a broad knowledge base in organ systems and integrated physiology and in-depth expertise and outstanding research potential in the fields of cellular and molecular physiology and molecular biophysics. These goals are accomplished by a series of foundation and advanced topic courses, skill development courses, laboratory rotations and thesis research.

The department offers four graduate-level programs, each of which use state-of-the-art biophysical instrumentation and experimental approaches that provide excellent training in these areas.

The Department of Physiology and Biophysics has expanded its faculty, defined a new research and educational focus, and completely renovated its facilities. The revitalization is part of the renaissance of the basic science departments in the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, which has resulted in the formation of a major center of excellence in biomedical research and graduate and medical education.

Admission Requirements for the Ph.D. programs
Applications to the program are available from and should be submitted to the Department of Physiology and Biophysics. Typically, entering students will have a B.A., B.S. or M.Sc. degree in physical or life sciences. Requirements for admission:

Status of admission to the program is determined by a committee of faculty members based on application information and (often) candidate interviews. Normally, students enter the program in the fall semester.

Students apply for financial assistance when they apply to the program. A majority of admitted students receive a stipend, health insurance and full tuition remission during the duration of their studies in the program.

Functional Description of the Ph.D. Programs
Entering students are advised by the program steering committee until they pass their Ph.D. qualifying exam (usually at the end of their second fall semester), at which point their progress is overseen by a pre-thesis/thesis committee in conjunction with a research preceptor.

The program consists of core and elective course requirements, laboratory rotations, attendance of seminar series, written and oral qualifying exams, and thesis research. Elective courses provide an opportunity for advanced study relevant to the student’s particular research interests.

Students are required to complete three laboratory rotations by the end of their first full year of study. These rotations enable the student to sample the diverse research areas represented in the program and assist the student in making a well-informed choice of thesis laboratory. Students also are required to attend the seminar series of either or both of the sponsoring departments throughout the duration of their studies to gain wide exposure to cutting-edge research.

Near the beginning of their second year of study, students in good standing (>3.1 GPA and a maximum of 1 "C") choose their research preceptor and take their Ph.D. qualifying exam. The written portion of this exam is an NIH-format research grant proposal written by the student based on his or her choice from several faculty-provided topics. The proposal is evaluated by several faculty members and must receive an acceptable score for the student to advance to the oral stage of the examination. Students who do not pass the written portion are afforded one opportunity to revise and resubmit the proposal for re-evaluation.

The oral examination involves a brief presentation of the proposal by the student followed by a question/answer discussion between the student and the faculty reviewers, which will test the student’s general knowledge of cell physiology or systems physiology. In some cases, the qualifying exam committee may pass the student but make recommendations for additional course work to be completed to address areas of weakness in the student’s knowledge and expertise.

Following satisfactory completion of the qualifying exam, the student and his or her Ph.D. preceptor submit a list of four to six faculty to serve on the student’s pre-thesis/thesis advisory committee; this list is submitted to the director of the program for approval/revision in consultation with the steering committee of the program. The research progress of the student is then overseen by this committee through a series of periodic progress report meetings.

Specific requirements for graduation include satisfactory general knowledge in biophysics and bioengineering, specific expertise in the student’s chosen area of research, completion of dissertation, and completion by the student and acceptance by major peer-reviewed journals of two full first-authored research papers.

Ph.D. in Physiology and Biophysics
The Ph.D. in physiology and biophysics focuses on the major research areas represented in the department, such as cell physiology and molecular biophysics, with an emphasis on intracellular signaling. The research projects cover different levels of organization, ranging from the investigation of subcellular events to whole-organ physiology.

Ph.D. in Biophysics and Bioengineering
The Ph.D. program in biophysics and bioengineering is taught in conjunction with the Case School of Engineering. It draws on the combined expertise of the faculty from the departments of physiology and biophysics and biomedical engineering.

Master of Science in Exercise Physiology
The master of science program in exercise physiology has been designed to meet the needs of today’s society in terms of the increased emphasis on fitness. It can serve as a terminal degree for those interested in a career in exercise physiology in a variety of settings; as an intermediate step to obtaining an advanced degree in physiology; or as a supplement to the education of medical students and resident physicians who wish to gain knowledge in the field of exercise physiology as an adjunct to their clinical training.

Ph.D. in Cell Physiology
One of the major research areas represented in the department is cell biology and cellular regulation, with a focus on membrane transport and intracellular signaling. The faculty of this program conduct very active research activities focused on the study of protein structure and function, functional genomics, control of cell metabolism, regulation of ionic and electrical gradients, and regulation of various cellular functions. Most of the experimental approaches use cell biology, protein chemistry, molecular biology and electrophysiologic tools.

Cell biology encompasses the study of membrane proteins, including receptors and ion channels, signaling pathways, protein phosphorylation, enzyme regulation, transport mechanisms, and gene expression. Research programs in this department are directed toward understanding specialized functions of a variety of cell types, including epithelial, mesodermal and neuronal cells, and cells of endocrine glands. Several investigators are attempting to understand mechanisms for the targeted transport of macromolecules along biosynthetic and endocytotic pathways, as well as across nuclear membranes. Studies also are under way to determine how cellular machinery might be utilized for therapeutic purposes, including receptor-mediated gene therapy.

Molecular biologic techniques are powerful tools for the study of biologic phenomena and also are the driving force behind the biotechnology industry. Many investigators in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics are using molecular genetic techniques in their research program. This work seeks to understand how transcription factors turn on specific genes at the appropriate time and in the appropriate tissue, how messenger RNA levels are regulated by RNA editing and splicing, how introducing mutant receptors and structural proteins into cultured cells and transgenic animal affects cell function and animal development, and how viral and cellular oncogenes perturb normal cell function and cause cancer. These studies are important for the understanding of critical events regulating cardiovascular development, skin differentiation, ion homeostasis, receptor signaling and cancer progression.

The research interests of several faculty in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics are directed at understanding the electrophysiologic properties of nerve, muscle and other tissues at a variety of different levels. This includes everything from investigating the structural basis of ion channel function to identifying the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias. Several different molecular and biophysic approaches are used to address these questions. These approaches include the cloning and expression of ion channel proteins, reconstitution of channels in artificial lipid bilayers, and recording single-channel and whole-cell currents using various voltage-clamp techniques. Mathematical models and computer simulations also are used to describe and predict the electrical behavior of everything from single ion channels to whole organs.

Planned Program of Study for Cell Physiology:

First Year

Fall

Course (Credit Hours)

Spring

Ph.D. in Systems Integrated Physiology
The revolutionary advances in cell and molecular biology have provided spectacular insights into the understanding of structure and function of biologic systems. Integrative systems physiology is a discipline that embraces the concepts of cell/molecular physiology, biochemistry and allied sciences and applies the principles and experimental approaches to the study of human or animal organ systems. The major goal of the graduate program in systems integrated physiology is to provide trainees with intensive training in interdisciplinary sciences with an emphasis on integration of function of the cardio-respiratory systems at the molecular, cellular, organ and whole animal or human levels. Examples of specific areas of research include cardiac metabolism, transmitters and second messengers in control of cardio-respiratory systems, excitation-contraction coupling, sudden infant death syndrome, and computational biology. The faculty in this program use a vast repertoire of experimental approaches ranging from whole body physiology to organ and cellular and molecular physiology.

Planned Program of Study for Systems Integrated Physiology:

First Year

Fall

Course (Credit Hours)

Spring

Ph.D. in Biophysics/Bioengineering
The Biophysics and Bioengineering Program was formed in 1991 in response to (1) dramatic advances in computers and instrumentation; (2) spectacular progress in biochemistry and molecular biology; and (3) the realization that integrated systems/engineering approaches are becoming critical for the understanding of biologic processes.

These synergistic advances provide tremendous opportunities for researchers interested in biology who are equipped to take quantitative approaches. A spectacular example is found in the area of structural biology, where the number of high-resolution 3-D structures of biologic macromolecules solved and deposited into the Brookhaven Protein Databank has jumped from an average of 40 structures per year from 1975 to 1985 to 1,850 structures in 1997 alone. Another example is found in electrophysiology, where now it routinely is possible to measure transmembrane currents conducted by single ion channel protein molecules. Further, the tools of molecular biology now routinely are used to facilitate the large-scale preparation of proteins and nucleic acids, thereby providing access to a host of biomedically and biotechnologically important molecules that previously were unavailable in significant quantities.

The various genome projects are generating a staggering quantity of sequence data that will lay the basis for much of the biological and biomedical research of this new century. As a result of such advances and developments, new approaches to explaining, exploiting and controlling the components of biologic systems for basic science, biotechnologic, or medical reasons are both required and feasible.

The Biophysics and Bioengineering Program is an interdisciplinary Ph.D. program, co-sponsored by the Department of Physiology and Biophysics in the medical school and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. The program complements other graduate programs of those departments. The goals of the program are to provide students with the necessary knowledge base in cellular and molecular biology and with the quantitative biophysic and engineering skills required to perform studies that exploit and advance the cutting edge of advanced biophysic technologies. These goals are accomplished through a flexible curriculum that is tailored to the specific needs of the student and by providing a wide range of available faculty expertise and research opportunities.

The program has particular strengths in cellular/electrophysiology and biophysics, biologic imaging, biosensors, tissue engineering, modeling, biomaterials, and structural biology. Many of the participating faculty are affiliated with the Cleveland Center for Structural Biology, which includes state-of-the-art NMR and x-ray diffraction instrumentation. The program is overseen by a steering committee.

Planned Program of Study for Biophysics & Bioengineering:

First Year

Fall

Course (Credit Hours)

Spring

Ph.D. Program for M.D.s
To address the need to train M.D.-scientists, the Department of Physiology and Biophysics has instituted an accelerated Ph.D. program specifically geared to physicians interested in research. The key features of the program are its selectivity in terms of admissions qualifications–it is open only to those holding medical degrees–and its accelerated nature based on a rigorous course of study and research training. The program is subdivided into advanced specialty courses (cell physiology electives) and hands-on research training and problem-solving (laboratory rotations, departmental seminars, qualifying examination, and thesis research). All students enrolled in the program must fulfill the general academic regulations for doctoral degrees as set forth by the School of Graduate Studies.

Application is open to any individual holding a medical degree or expecting to receive one before entry into the program. Selection for admission is based on the applicant’s potential for independent and innovative research as evidenced by an outstanding academic record in basic science disciplines, previous research experience, and three letters of recommendation. The full-time plan of study consists of a minimum of 22 semester hours of course work and 18 semester hours of thesis research. The program can be linked to research-oriented residency programs such as the Clinical Investigator Pathway, approved by the American Board of Internal Medicine, and similar programs in pediatrics and surgery.

Master of Science in Exercise Physiology
The Department of Physiology and Biophysics master’s program in exercise physiology offers not only a strong didactic component but also, unique within the existing programs at the master of science level, strong research training. This is a Plan A, thesis required, program. The solid basis for the program includes the department’s outstanding faculty and resources, along with faculty who are currently involved in the applied practice of exercise physiology. The didactic components include solid basic science, clinical science and practical applications.

The program has several goals. A primary goal is to serve as a terminal degree for graduates who will pursue careers in exercise physiology in a variety of settings, includi