11075 East Boulevard
Phone 216-368-3280; Fax 216-368-6144
Gerald Korngold, Dean

Founded in 1892, the School of Law is a charter member of the Association of American Law Schools and of the national law honorary society, the Order of the Coif. It was among the first law schools accredited by the American Bar Association.

The school has a student body of about 700 and a faculty of about 49. In the school’s early years, most students came from Ohio and remained in Ohio after graduation. Today, students come from all parts of the country (though Ohio still has a large representation), and more of them leave Ohio than stay. There are Case Western Reserve law graduates in virtually every state (and in several foreign countries), and certainly in every major U.S. city. An active and aggressive Career Services Office works with students, graduates, and prospective employers from all over the nation to maximize job opportunities.

Gerald Korngold, J.D. (University of Pennsylvania)
Dean

Andrew P. Morriss, J.D., M.Pub.Aff. (University of Texas), Ph.D. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs

Sonia M. Winner, J.D. (University of Dayton)
Associate Dean for Development and Public Affairs

Barbara F. Andelman, J.D. (Ohio State University)
Associate Dean for Student Services, Enrollment Planning, and Special Projects

Susan Renee Seliga, J.D. (Cleveland State University)
Assistant Dean for Career Services

Hiram E. Chodosh, J.D. (Yale University)
Director of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center

Kathleen M. Carrick, M.L.S. (University of Pittsburgh), J.D. (Cleveland State University)
Director of the Law Library

Peter B. Friedman, J.D. (University of Michigan)
Director of Research, Analysis and Writing Program

Leon Gabinet, J.D. (University of Chicago)
Executive Director of the Graduate Tax Program

Thomas I. Hausman, J.D. (Ohio State University), LL.M. (New York University)
Administrative Director of the Graduate Tax Program

Lewis R. Katz, J.D. (Indiana University)
Director of the Graduate Program for Foreign Students in U.S. Legal Studies

Henry T. King, Jr., LL.B. (Yale University)
U.S. Director of the Canada-United States Law Institute

Wilbur C. Leatherberry, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Director of Skills Courses and Advocacy Programs

Judith P. Lipton, M.S.S.W. (University of Wisconsin),
J.D. (University of Connecticut)
Co-Director of the Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Kenneth R. Margolis, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Co-Director of the Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Maxwell J. Mehlman, J.D. (Yale University)
Director of the Law-Medicine Center

Craig Allen Nard, J.D. (Capital University), J.S.D., LL.M. (Columbia University)
Director of the Center for Law, Technology and the Arts

Alyson Suter Alber, J.D. (University of Virginia)
Director of Career Services

Megan Allen, M.L.I.S. (Kent State University)
Electronic Services and Training Librarian

Keith Barton, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Information and Technology Director

Cheryl Smith Cheatham, M.S.L.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Educational Media/Reference Librarian

Anne-Marie E. Connors, M.A. (Saint Louis University)
Director of Alumni Relations and Development

Deborah S. Dennison, M.L.S. (Kent State University)
Head of Bibliographic Access

Andrew Dorchak, M.L.S. (Kent State University)
Head of Reference

Michelle C. Frygier, M.A. (Case Western Reserve University)
Director of Publications and Communications

Betty J. Harris
Registrar

Alice Hunt
Assistant Director of Finance and Administration

D.R. Jones, J.D. (Mercer University), M.L.S. (University of Washington)
Deputy Director of the Law Library

Judith A. Kaul, M.S.L.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Technology and Reference Librarian

Patricia M. Kim, J.D. (Ohio State University)
Assistant Director of Admissions and Student Services

Pat Kost, M.B.A. (Cleveland State University)
Director of Finance and Administration

Cheryl M. Lauderdale, B.A. (Notre Dame College)
Assistant Director of Special Events and Development

Christopher Lucak, M.A. (Kent State University)
Director of Admissions

Robert Myers, J.D. (Cleveland State University), M.L.S. (Kent State University)
Serials/Collection Access Librarian

John Otto, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Director of Academic Support for the Graduate Program for Foreign Students in U.S. Legal Studies

Lisa Peters, J.D. (Georgetown University), M.L.S. (Rutgers University)
Access Services Librarian

Sarah McFarlane Polly, J.D. (Ohio State University)
Associate Director for Career Services

Jay A. Ruffner, B.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Student Finances Administrator

Adria J. Sankovic, M.A. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Director for the Graduate Program for Foreign Students in U.S. Legal Studies

Melissa A. Santee, B.A. (University of Toledo)
Director of the Annual Fund

Alice Simon, M.A. (University of Baltimore)
Manager of Academic Centers and Law Journals

Melody Stewart, J.D. (Cleveland State University)
Director of Student Services

Carole Zalokar, A.A. (Lakeland Community College)
Assistant Registrar

Piper Hollis, M.A. (Ohio State University)
Director of Development

Gerald Korngold, J.D. (University of Pennsylvania)
Dean and Everett D. and Eugenia S. McCurdy Professor of Law

Jonathan H. Adler, J.D. (George Mason University)
Assistant Professor of Law

Arthur D. Austin II, J.D. (Tulane University)
Edgar A. Hahn Professor of Law

Jessica W. Berg, J.D. (Cornell University)
Assistant Professor of Law and Biomedical Ethics

David J. Carney, J.D. (University of Michigan)
Instructor of Law, Research, Analysis, and Writing Program

Kathleen M. Carrick, M.L.S. (University of Pittsburgh),
J.D. (Cleveland State University)
Associate Professor of Law and Director of the Law Library

William M. Carter Jr., J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Law

Laura Brown Chisolm, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of Law

Hiram E. Chodosh, J.D. (Yale University)
Professor of Law and Director of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center

Ronald J. Coffey, LL.B. (University of Cincinnati), LL.M. (Harvard University)
Professor of Law

George W. Dent, Jr., J.D. (Columbia University), LL.M. (New York University)
Schott–van den Eynden Professor of Business Organizations Law

Melvyn R. Durchslag, J.D. (Northwestern University)
Professor of Law

Jonathan L. Entin, J.D. (Northwestern University)
Professor of Law and Political Science

Peter B. Friedman, J.D. (University of Michigan)
Instructor of Law and Director of Research, Analysis, and Writing Program

Leon Gabinet, J.D. (University of Chicago)
Professor and Executive Director of the Graduate Tax Program

Peter M. Gerhart, J.D. (Columbia University)
Professor of Law

Paul C. Giannelli, J.D. (University of Virginia), M.S.F.S. (George Washington University), LL.M. (University of Virginia)
Albert J. Weatherhead III and Richard W. Weatherhead Professor of Law

Jonathan Gordon, J.D. (Columbia University)
Instructor of Law, Research, Analysis, and Writing Program

Michael Heise, J.D. (University of Chicago), Ph.D. (Northwestern University)
Professor of Law

Katherine Hessler, J.D. (College of William & Mary), LL.M. (Georgetown University Law Center)
Associate Professor of Law, Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Sharona Hoffman, J.D. (Harvard University), LL.M. (University of Houston)
Assistant Professor of Law

Erik M. Jensen, M.A. (University of Chicago), J.D. (Cornell University)
David L. Brennan Professor of Law

D.R. Jones, J.D. (Mercer University), M.L.S. (University of Washington)
Adjunct Instructor of Law and Deputy Director of the Law Library

Lewis R. Katz, J.D. (Indiana University)
John C. Hutchins Professor of Law and Director of the Graduate Program for Foreign Students in U.S. Legal Studies

Henry T. King, Jr., LL.B. (Yale University)
Professor of Law and U.S. Director of the Canada-United States Law Institute

Juliet P. Kostritsky, J.D. (University of Wisconsin)
John Homer Kapp Professor of Law

Robert P. Lawry, Diploma in Law (Oxford University),
J.D. (University of Pennsylvania)
Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Professional Ethics

Wilbur C. Leatherberry, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of Law and Director of Skills Courses and Advocacy Programs

Jacqueline D. Lipton, Ph.D. (Griffith University), LL.B. (University of Melbourne), LL.M. (Cambridge University), LL.M. (Monash University)
Assistant Professor of Law

Judith P. Lipton, M.S.S.W. (University of Wisconsin),
J.D. (University of Connecticut)
Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

James W. McElhaney, LL.B. (Duke University)
Baker & Hostetler Distinguished Scholar in Trial Practice

Louise W. McKinney, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of Law, Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Kevin C. McMunigal, J.D. (University of California, Berkeley)
Judge Ben C. Green Professor of Law

Kenneth R. Margolis, J.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Maxwell J. Mehlman, J.D. (Yale University)
Arthur E. Petersilge Professor of Law, Professor of Biomedical Ethics, and Director of the Law-Medicine Center

Kathryn Sords Mercer, M.S.S.W., J.D., Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Instructor of Law, Research, Analysis and Writing Program

Andrew P. Morriss, J.D., M.Pub.Aff. (University of Texas),
Ph.D. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Galen J. Roush Professor of Business Law and Regulation, and Associate Professor of Economics

Dale A. Nance, M.A. (University of California, Berkeley),
J.D. (Stanford University)
Professor of Law

Craig Allen Nard, J.D. (Capital University), J.S.D., LL.M. (Columbia University)
Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Law, Technology and the Arts

Spencer Neth, J.D., LL.M. (Harvard University)
Professor of Law

Michael P. Scharf, J.D. (Duke University)
Professor of Law

Morris G. Shanker, M.B.A., J.D. (University of Michigan)
Professor of Law

Calvin William Sharpe, J.D. (Northwestern University),
M.A. (Chicago Theological Seminary)
John Deaver–Drinko/Baker & Hostetler Professor of Law

Ann Southworth, J.D. (Stanford University)
Professor of Law

Robert N. Strassfeld, M.A. (University of Rochester), J.D. (University of Virginia)
Professor of Law

Carol A. Turowski, M.A. (Columbia University),
J.D. (City University of New York)
Assistant Professor of Law, Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center

Kenneth F. Ledford, J.D. (University of North Carolina), M.A., Ph.D. (The Johns Hopkins University)
Associate Professor of History and Law

Theodore L. Steinberg, Ph.D. (Brandeis University)
Associate Professor of History and Law

Thomas I. Hausman, J.D. (Ohio State University), LL.M. (New York University)
Adjunct Professor of Law and Administrative Director of the Graduate Tax Program

This section relates to the J.D. programs; see below for information regarding admission to LL.M. programs. For complete information about admission policies and procedures, and about the law program generally, see the law school’s current admissions bulletin, which the school’s Office of Admissions will mail on request.

Since the School of Law receives many more applications than there are places in the first-year class, the admissions process must be selective. The objective is to enroll a class that 1) is diverse and 2) will more than likely do very well in a rigorous law program. The admissions committee looks carefully at such indicators as undergraduate grade point average and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) score, but it weighs other, non-quantitative factors into the decision. The school particularly encourages applications from people of color and others underrepresented in the legal profession, as well as from older students. The admissions committee will consider with sensitivity any information about a candidate’s special circumstances. The school receives applications as early as September for admission in the following fall. The earlier the application, the greater the chance of a scholarship. Beginning in January, the admissions office takes action on the applications that clearly meet or clearly fail to meet the selection criteria. As decisions are made, applicants are notified. Most decisions are made between January 1 and May 1. At that point the class is filled, and the office starts a waiting list of candidates with acceptable credentials. As vacancies occur up to the date of registration, the best-qualified candidates are drawn from the list.

Admission to Regular Standing
In order to enroll as a candidate for the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree, a student must have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution. Every applicant must have taken the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and must have registered with the Law School Data Assembly Service (LSDAS) before the application deadline.

Admission to Advanced Standing Students currently enrolled in accredited law schools may apply for admission with advanced standing. They must complete four semesters in residence at Case Western Reserve to receive the J.D. degree.

Admission as a Visitor
We accept students enrolled at other law schools who wish to take courses at Case Western Reserve for credit toward their own school’s degree requirements. Such students must submit a letter from their dean indicating that they are in good standing and that the other law school will accept the academic credits from Case Western Reserve.

Financial Information
See "Financial Information" section of this bulletin.

The School of Law offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree as well as dual degree programs (see below). The J.D. degree requires successful completion of 88 credit hours. The first-year program for the J.D. degree consists mainly of the required basic courses. In addition, in the spring semester students select a 3-credit elective course; the menu of first-year "perspectives" courses varies from year to year.

Fall Semester Required Courses
LAWS 132, Torts (4)

LAWS 123, Contracts (4)

LAWS 131, Criminal Law (4)

LAWS 151, Research, Analysis, and Writing I*

Spring Semester Required Courses
LAWS 104, Civil Procedure (4)

LAWS 103, Constitutional Law I (4)

LAWS 144, Property (4)

LAWS 152, Research, Analysis, and Writing II*

In the second year, every student must take LAWS 375, Professional Responsibility (3). Otherwise, the curriculum is elective after the first year. As a requirement for graduation, every student must complete a substantial research paper.

Concentrations
For complete information about the Voluntary Concentration program, consult the law school’s Student Handbook (available from the Registrar).

Voluntary Concentrations:
Business Organizations

Criminal Law

Litigation

Health law

International Law

Law, Technology and the Arts

Public Law - Public and Regulatory Institutions track or Individual Rights and Social Reform track

For complete information about dual degree programs, consult the law school’s Student Handbook (available from the Registrar).

J.D/M.B.A.
A dual degree program between the School of Law and the Weatherhead School of Management allows students to earn two degrees in four years. Students spend the first year in one school and the second year in the other. Once the required courses are behind them, they spend the third and fourth years taking electives at both schools. Five areas of law-management specialization have been approved by the two schools: international business, health systems management, corporate finance, banking and investment, and labor and industrial relations.

J.D./M.S.S.A.
Together, the School of Law and the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences offer a four-year program in law and social work. Students take the basic required courses in both schools and then have considerable flexibility in pursuing their particular interests and preparing themselves for different careers. Besides their time in the classroom, students gain practical experience in internships.

J.D./M.N.O.
A 4-year program combining the J.D. with a master’s degree in nonprofit organizations is offered in cooperation with the university’s Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations. Housed in the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, which has long been noted as a training ground for administrators of nonprofits, the center is co-sponsored by MSASS, the School of Law, and the Weatherhead School of Management.

J.D./M.D.
The School of Law and the School of Medicine offer a dual degree program that allows a student to complete both degrees in six years. A student who begins at the law school spends two years studying law, then four years studying medicine. Alternatively, a student may spend the first two years and the last two years at the medical school, and the two middle years at the law school.

J.D./M.A. (Bioethics)
The School of Law and the Center for Biomedical Ethics make it possible for a student to earn two degrees in seven semesters, or in six semesters plus two summer sessions. Typically a student begins with a year of law study.

J.D./M.A. (Legal History)
Enrolling in both the law school and the School of Graduate Studies, a student can study law and legal history and earn the two degrees in seven regular semesters or six semesters plus two summers.

J.D./CNM (Certificate in Nonprofit Management)
The CNM is a non-degree professional certification that provides knowledge in critical areas of management methodology and the operational environment of the nonprofit sector. For additional information on this program, contact the Registrar’s Office at the School of Law.

J.D./M.P.H. (Public Health)
The M.P.H. degree will generally add a year of additional course work to the J.D. degree, creating a four year program. Law students enrolled in the dual J.D./M.P.H. degree program may earn up to 12 credits toward the J.D. in graduate level M.P.H. courses. The law school offers several health law courses that meet the M.P.H. elective requirements.

Students in the School of Law may take up to nine hours of courses in the other graduate and professional schools of Case Western Reserve University and have such courses counted for credit toward the J.D. degree.

The LL.M. in U.S. Legal Studies is designed for graduates of foreign law schools who wish to spend an intensive year immersed in American legal education. LL.M. candidates take most courses with American J.D. candidates and have seminars with American lawyers. Degree requirements include 24 course credits (including LAWS 570, Foreign Graduate Seminar). Students from civil law countries must take LAWS 595, American Contract Law, and students whose command of English is deficient will be required to take an English language course. LAWS 263, Doing Business in the U.S., is an elective available only to LL.M. students.

Each student’s courses will be determined by the program director in consultation with the student and will be based on the student’s prior legal education and interests. After completion of the degree requirements, students may elect to spend a summer internship with a law firm or corporate legal department in the United States. Further information and admission materials may be requested from Professor Lewis R. Katz, Director of the LL.M. in U.S. Legal Studies Program or Ms. Adria J. Sankovic, Assistant Director of the LL.M. in U.S. Legal Studies Program.

The School of Law offers the LL.M. degree in Taxation to qualified candidates who hold a J.D. degree. Candidates for the LL.M. must complete 24 credit hours at the 600 level; the selection of courses will depend on the candidate’s prior legal education and experience. Students may complete the LL.M. in one academic year or may enroll part-time; the schedule of courses accommodates persons regularly employed. Students enrolled on a part-time basis need to fulfill their credit requirement for the degree within five years. Classes are also open to qualified persons (such as accountants) who do not hold a J.D. degree and thus cannot be candidates for the LL.M. Further information and admission materials may be requested from Professor Thomas I. Hausman, Administrative Director of the LL.M. in Taxation Program.

The law library’s holdings include more than 365,000 books and volume-equivalents, complete collections of federal and state law, law reviews, current law services, an extensive British and Commonwealth collection, and special collections in taxation, labor law, foreign investments, international law, and environmental law. The law library is building strong collections in law and medicine, intellectual property, and law of the European Union. It is a selective depository for both U.S. and Canadian government documents. The law library is a member of OhioLINK, which is a consortium of Ohio’s college and university libraries and the State Library of Ohio. OhioLINK offers access to more than 31 million library items from 79 institutions. These materials include items from law, medical, and special collections.

The law library offers its users access to an ever-expanding list of electronic research databases as well as e-books. E-books are accessible through the library catalog. Databases offered include Lexis/Nexis and Westlaw as well as over 100 OhioLINK databases (including Index to Legal Periodicals, Medline, and Ohio Capitol Connection). Many of these OhioLINK databases contain the full text of journal articles. The law library also offers access to certain web-based subscription databases such as Hein-On-Line. Housed within the law library are two computer laboratories and a computer training classroom. In addition, the Richey Reading Room contains network connections for laptop computers.

Milton A. Kramer Law Clinic Center
The Supreme Court of Ohio authorizes student practice under attorney supervision in the final year of law school. Through the clinic, students provide legal representation to indigent clients and community groups and receive academic credit. The supervising attorneys are full-time members of the law faculty. The clinical program is the capstone of the skills curriculum and offers specialized practice experiences in Criminal Justice, Community Development, Civil Litigation Practice, focused on consumer matters, predatory lending, social security disability and other public benefit issues, Health Law, and Family Law.

Litigation Program
Since the mid-1970s, the School of Law has invested heavily in its litigation program. Students practice the basic skills of trial advocacy in such courses as LAWS 397, Trial Tactics (4), and in the co-curricular moot court and mock trial programs.

Frederick K. Cox International Law Center
The International Law Center serves as the stimulus for enhancing programs in international, comparative, and transnational law at the law school. It supports visiting scholars and visiting faculty at the law school to enrich the curriculum and research capacity of the resident faculty. It also supports the development of international information resources. Through a series of sister law school relationships, it seeks to attract foreign students to the law school and provide opportunities for Case Western Reserve law students to study abroad; it also provides opportunities for faculty to study and teach abroad.

Canada-United States Law Institute
The Canada-U.S. Law Institute, established in 1976, is jointly sponsored by the law schools of Case Western Reserve University and the University of Western Ontario. Its primary educational purpose is to give students of both schools a comparative perspective on their own country’s legal system. Each semester, up to six students from each school spend the term in residence at the other school. The school in which the student is a degree candidate gives full credit for the semester’s work. The two schools also exchange faculty, usually for periods of one or a few days, but occasionally to teach one or more courses for a full semester.

A second purpose of the institute is to provide a framework for the exploration of transnational and international legal issues affecting the relationship between Canada and the United States. In addition to the regularly scheduled courses on Canadian-U.S. topics, the institute sponsors workshops and conferences, including annual conferences in Cleveland, which, in recent years, have dealt with Canadian-U.S. economic ties.

The institute also sponsors a regular publication, the Canada-U.S. Law Journal; the annual Niagara Moot Court Competition, in which students from U.S. and Canadian law schools participate; and special research projects, often with funding support.

Law-Medicine Center
The Law-Medicine Center at Case Western Reserve University has been in operation for 50 years. It began with a focus on forensic medicine, but has broadened to include the whole range of legal, social, economic, scientific, and ethical issues in which law and medicine are interrelated. Besides the regular course offerings, the center frequently presents lectures, symposia, and workshops, and sponsors major conferences. It publishes a student-edited journal, Health Matrix: Journal of Law- Medicine. Participants in the center’s activities include not only university personnel, but also professionals from such institutions as University Hospitals of Cleveland and the Cleveland Clinic.

The School of Law publishes three scholarly journals, all student-edited. The oldest is the Case Western Reserve Law Review, published quarterly. The Journal of International Law is published two to three times a year; the JIL editorial board also has responsibility for the Canada- U.S. Law Journal (sponsored by the Canada-U.S. Law Institute), published once a year. Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine began as a joint undertaking of all six of the University’s professional schools but since 1990 has been sponsored solely by the law school and its Law-Medicine Center.

Moot Court
A student board administers the Dean Dunmore Competition, a year-long program in which second-year (and a very few third-year) students participate. It culminates in a round-robin tournament involving 16 finalists. From those finalists, the board selects teams who will compete the following year in the National Moot Court Competition, the Craven Competition in constitutional law, and the Niagara Competition (sponsored by the Canada-U.S. Law Institute). Case Western Reserve also enters the Jessup International Competition; that team is selected by another student group, the Society of International Law Students.

Mock Trial
The Jonathan M. Ault Mock Trial Board sponsors an intramural competition from which emerge the members of interscholastic teams. Currently, the law school sends student representatives to the National Trial Competition, the National Student Trial Competition of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, and a competition sponsored by the Academy of Trial Lawyers of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

The Academic Regulations of the School of Law are published annually in a Student Handbook that is distributed to every student. Copies are available on request from the school’s Registrar.

In addition to the University’s rules of conduct, law students are expected to comply with the American Bar Association’s Model Code of Professional Responsibility and Model Rules of Professional Conduct, to the extent that these are applicable, and with the law school’s own Code of Conduct. The Model Code and Model Rules are available in the law library. The school’s Code of Conduct, like the Academic Regulations, is published in the Student Handbook.

LAWS 001. Comparative Law and Religion Seminar (3)
This seminar will focus on issues in law and religion in comparative perspectives.

LAWS 002. Education Law Seminar (3)
This seminar will build upon the foundation established by the first-year curriculum and focus on selected legal topics relating to education law and policy with a particular emphasis on constitutional (federal and state) issues. Such legal topics will include (but are not limited to) the regulation of educational institutions, student, teacher, and parental rights, equal educational opportunity, school finance, and the federal role in education. Enrollment is limited to 12. Grade is based on a presentation and a paper.

LAWS 003. Reproductive Law and Ethics Seminar (3)
This seminar will introduce students to philosophical and legal materials related to reproductive ethics and law.

LAWS 004. Settlement Law Seminar (2-3)
This seminar will examine the theory and practice of settlement of disputes. Matters to be considered include: the practical issues of how one negotiates the settlement and drafts settlement documents; the theoretical issues of why some cases settle and why some do not; the appropriate role of judges and mediators in facilitating settlements, and the procedural and substantive law affecting the settlement of law suits. Grade is based on a presentation and a paper. Enrollment is limited to 12.

LAWS 005. Federalism Seminar (3)
The seminar will explore the constitutional relationships between the federal government and the states. Through additional exposure to pertinent case law and concentrated study of early historical materials in addition to scholarly writings, the seminar builds on the basic Constitutional Law course and is designed to give students a deeper understanding of the dimension and complexity of our federal system. Topics will include the reason for a federal rather than a unitary or centralized governmental system, and how a system of divided political authority imposes restraints on federal and state legislative and judicial authorities. By way of contrast, the seminar may also explore how other countries administer federal systems and, in this country, the difference between federal/state federalism and state/local federalism.

LAWS 006. Legal History of European Union Seminar (3)
The seminar introduces students to the history, development, and present structure of the legal system of the European Union from the ECSC in 1951, through the Treaty of Rome in 1957, to the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997. The seminar will examine the "constitutional" structures and institutions of the European Union, including the emergence of a binding jurisprudence from the European Court of Justice; will look at general interpretive principles emanating from the European civil law tradition, such as the doctrines of subsidiarity and proportionality; will explore the public law of the European Union, the "four freedoms," human rights, and equal treatment of women and men; and will briefly treat private law rights emergent not only from treaty and parliamentary enactment but from Union jurisprudence. The seminar will concentrate on the historical and economic context, but legal doctrine and practice will also be considered.

LAWS 007. Regulation of the Political Process Seminar (3)
The seminar will cover laws that regulate elections, campaigns, and other aspects of the democratic process. Specific topics include campaign finance reform, political parties, the right to vote, and direct democracy. Prereq: LAWS 103 and LAWS 202.

LAWS 009. Business Organizations Research Seminar (2)
An opportunity to undertake significant research and writing on the law of business organizations. Each student will be expected to complete a major paper in satisfaction of the upper level writing requirement. A satisfactory paper will meet the writing requirement for the concentration in Business Organizations. Limited to 12. Prereq: LAWS 261 or LAWS 204.

LAWS 010. African-American Lawyers Seminar (3)
This seminar takes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of African-American lawyers. It examines aspects of the history of black lawyers in America, as well as topics relating to black lawyers in contemporary America. The course will situate these experiences in the context of both the history of the legal profession and the history of race relations and the struggle for civil rights in the United States. Students will prepare a substantial research paper and make an oral presentation of their research to the class. Limited to 12.

LAWS 011. Firearms Regulation (3)
This class examines the constitutional and policy questions surrounding firearms regulation. The course will cover historical issues, modern statutory controls, and legal and policy questions surrounding firearms regulation. Prereq or Coreq: LAWS 202.

LAWS 012. Constitutional Law Research Seminar (2)
This seminar permits students to write an in-depth paper, exploring an area of Constitutional Law most interesting to them. There are no explicit rules governing subject matter except that the paper must have, as its central focus, constitutional doctrine, policy, and/or analysis. Several classes will be held during the semester. The focus of these classes will be the process of writing a paper and the research tools available. A thesis statement, an outline, and at least one draft before the final paper are required. The grade will be based solely on the quality of the paper. The paper may be used to satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 013. Current Controversies in Environmental Law (3)
This seminar will explore current legal and policy controversies in environmental law. Special attention will be paid to recent Supreme Court decisions and forthcoming environmental protection, federal courts, including current constitutional challenges to environmental programs and regulations. Issues likely to be discussed include the impact of recent federalism decisions on environmental protection, federal preemption of state regulation, environmental standing, the non-delegation doctrine, and cost-benefit analysis, among other topics. Students will read recent Supreme Court and Circuit court opinions, appellate briefs, academic commentary and supporting materials. Grade is based on class participation, final presentation, and a paper. Limited to 12.

LAWS 014. Insurance Advanced Research (2)
This seminar will allow students concurrently enrolled in Insurance (LAWS 346) to satisfy the upper-level writing requirement. Students will receive advanced instruction in legal research in insurance law and will complete a series of research and writing exercises, including drafting a statue or administrative rule and preparing and presenting a report supporting adoptions of the statute or rule. At least one oral presentation will be required. Depending on the topic area chosen in a particular year, students may be required to write a brief in a case involving interpretation of an existing or proposed statute or rule. Limited to 12. Coreq: LAWS 346.

LAWS 015. Research Law and Ethics Seminar (3)
This seminar will introduce students to philosophical, legal, and policy materials related to research ethics and law. We will consider the regulation of research involving animals, humans, fetuses, and embryos. Attendance at classes is mandatory. Grade is based on class participation, final presentation, and paper. Limited to 12.

LAWS 016 International Environmental Law Seminar (3)
This seminar will explore current legal and policy controversies in the rapidly evolving field of international environmental law. The class will begin with consideration of current international environmental concerns and the nature of international law. The seminar will then proceed to consider several international environmental issues in some detail, analyzing current and proposed policy measures. The class will consider existing and proposed legal measures to address international environmental concerns and their alternatives. Special attention will be paid to high-profile international environmental treaties and the interface between domestic U.S. and international environmental law. Special topics likely to be covered include remedies for transboundary pollution, sustainable development, climate change, and conservation of biodiversity. Weekly readings will include primary materials (treaties, court decisions, etc.) and academic commentary. Students will be expected to read and consider the assigned material, prepare questions for class discussion, and arrive prepared to talk about the relevant legal and policy issues in some detail. Class participation will be graded. Each student will be expected to complete a substantial paper on a current issue or controversy in international environmental law. This paper may be used to satisfy the writing requirement. In addition, each student will be required to give a short presentation of his or her paper. There are no prerequisites for this seminar, however, some background in environmental and/or international law may be helpful.

LAWS 017. Scientific Evidence and Advanced Research (2)
Students must be concurrently enrolled in LAWS 214 (no exceptions). Enrollment limited to six students.

LAWS 018. Professional Responsibility Advanced Research (2)
This seminar will allow students con-currently enrolled in Professional Responsibility (LAWS 375) to satisfy the upper-level writing requirement. Students will receive advanced instruction in legal research in Professional Responsibility and will be required to complete a series of written exercises, including drafting a rule and writing a brief and a judicial opinion. The exercise will include a series of planning questions to help students structure their work. Each exercise will require the students to develop expertise in an area of Professional Responsibility through performance in simulated professional roles. At least one oral presentation will be required.

LAWS 019. Commercial Information and the Law (3)
This seminar encourages students to focus on the legal nature of valuable commercial information in the ‘global information age.’ In this context, information per se is often one of the key assets of a business. In examining the role of valuable information in law and commerce (particularly e-commerce), students will consider legal and practical questions arising from attempts to protect valuable commercial information against unauthorized access, use and/or interference, with particular focus on information stored in computer systems. Students will also examine issues arising in relation to transactions involving commercial information, such as licensing arrangements. The increase in cross-border activities involving access to valuable information will also be examined with a view to analyzing the implications of this trend for the development of private international law principles and dispute resolution mechanisms. Grade is based on class participation, final presentation, and a paper. Limited to 12.

LAWS 020. Issues and Trends in Civil Rights Law (3)
This seminar will cover the Civil War era civil rights statutes (e.g., Section 1983); provisions of the Civil Rights Acts governing discrimination in programs receiving federal funds; prohibitions against discrimination in places of public accommodation; and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, among other topics. Students will achieve an understanding of the statutory framework of civil rights law as well as specific issues that are unresolved or of particular importance in each area. The seminar will also contextualize these legal issues within the larger historical and contemporary framework of racism and discrimination. Grade is based on class participation, final presentation, and a paper. Limited to 12.

LAWS 021. Animal Law (3)
This seminar will review selected federal and state laws that pertain to animals, focusing on the Animal Welfare Act, wildlife statutes, and criminal anti-cruelty laws. Students will review recent cases and laws which address the larger questions posed by the animal rights movement, distinguishing between regulations designed for animals and those designed for humans involved with animals. After gaining familiarity with the landscape of animal law, students will examine the animal rights movement as an example of a social justice/reform movement. Topics will include: the conflicts and intersections between law and science; methods and tactics used in legal reform advocacy; the validity and efficacy of using philosophical justifications for legal arguments or change; definitions of property; the historical and geographic context of this movement within the spectrum of other reform movements. Students can chose to write one paper to satisfy the upper-level writing requirement or write two smaller papers which will not satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 022. Intellectual Property Advanced Research (2)
This advanced research seminar is designed to provide students with an opportunity to engage in in-depth and systematic research on a topic related to intellectual property law. The topic will be chosen in consultation with the instructor. Each student will be required (1) to write a substantial research paper on his or her chosen topic; and (2) to make a presentation on his or her research to the entire class. We will meet as a class at least four times during the semester, and each student will be required to meet individually with the instructor several times during the semester.

LAWS 023. Religion, Ethics, and the Law (3)
This is a paper seminar, limited to 12 students. The course will explore the interrelationship between religion, ethics, and the law in the American legal system. We will begin with a series of general questions. To what extent do we have true separation of church and state in American jurisprudence? Why should religious beliefs be given more deference than political opinions or other personal expressions? Does the law set the standard for public morality or reflect it? In order to establish a successful legal system, does society need to reach a consensus as to its moral and ethical values? When is the government ethically justified in punishing individuals for their misconduct, and what theories justify punishment within the criminal justice systems? In the second part of the course we will focus on a variety of issues that raise legal, ethical, and religious questions. Topics may include capital punishment euthanasia, genetic testing war crimes, and others. Prereq: Students must have taken and passed their RAW and Constitutional Law classes.

LAWS 024. ePayment Systems Seminar (1)
This seminar builds on the foundation established during the first-year curriculum and focuses on the law and technology of payment systems. Such topics will include the contractual relationship amongst and between the various organizations transacting to enable a b2c payment; the various elements of such agreements; the various impacts of a payment system (criminal, civil, and administrative); the implications for legal structure and policy; and the ethical considerations of a lawyer advising clients within this domain. Grade is based on a paper, a presentation, and class attendance and participation.

LAWS 025. Bioethics Research and Writing Seminar (2)
This seminar is for students interested in doing their upper-level writing requirement and/or concentration paper on a topic in the area of bioethics and law. It is a research and writing seminar, so the focus of class meetings will be on developing the papers. Students will be required to read and edit each other’s drafts. Grade is based on class participation, final presentation, and paper. All students interested must pre-register for the course. Permission of instructor required. Students will need to schedule meetings with the professor during the Spring. All topics must be approved no later than July 1.

LAWS 041. Comparative Judicial Systems (2)
Students will study and work on contemporary problems confronting national judicial systems. The academic component will cover the different ways in which judicial systems and their adjudication and dispute resolution processes are organized, with a focus on critical failures in judicial performance (political interference, corruption, delay, torture, and illegal detention). Students will also study different approaches at the binational, transnational, and international levels designed to accelerate justice reform. Uniquely, students will work in small teams of no more than four to conduct research and provide advice on active civil and criminal justice reform initiatives in up to five foreign countries, chosen from Africa (e.g., Tanzania, Morocco), Asia (e.g., India Indonesia), the Middle or Near East (e.g., Israel, Turkey), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico), or Europe (e.g., Italy, France). (Countries and projects will be determined in the summer based on the intensity of the national reform activity and student interest.) The grade will be based on class and team participation, a paper and bibliography. Students may satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 042. Comparative Judicial Systems (2)
(See LAWS 041.)

LAWS 051. Empirical Methods for Lawyers (3)
This course will introduce students to some of the most basic and important quantitative tools of the social sciences that usefully bear on many legal issues and help students develop a rough idea of how to make use of these tools. The material will be presented in a manner that is fully accessible to those with no prior quantitative training or background in the subjects covered. The course will pay particular attention to the application of empirical methods in an array of public and private law areas. Grade is based on a short paper (pp. 8-10) and a final examination.

LAWS 060. Cyberlaw (3)
This subject deals with how the law regulates and otherwise applies to activities taking place in ‘cyberspace.’ It considers how existing legal principles are being modified and extended in the digital information age to meet the needs of society, particularly in relation to electronic commerce. As the nature of dealings in cyberspace develops and new legal problems emerge over time, the focus of the subject may change to reflect current legal issues. However, topics for discussion will be drawn from the following: the nature of the Internet, legal regulation of cyberspace vs. self-regulation, the relevance of international law/international regulation, e-commerce contracting, ‘property’ in cyberspace with particular reference to intellectual property, trade marks and domain names, defamation on the Internet, online crime (e.g., fraud, pornography, etc.), information privacy and security, online dispute resolution and associated conflicts of law issues.

LAWS 070. Real Estate Mortgages (2)
Real estate mortgages are widely used. In fact, just about every land purchase or land improvement (whether involving a family residence or a complicated commercial development, like a shopping center) involves the use of a mortgage. Yet, even though the rights of the parties to the mortgage, (i.e. the mortgagor (debtor) and the mortgagee (creditor or secured party)), as well as the rights of third parties claiming an interest in the land (like another purchaser or lien creditor) depend upon them, the unique equitable principles and legal rules which govern the mortgage are not well known or understood. These are studied in depth in this course. Actual problems are frequently presented and solved to assure that students obtain a strong practical capacity in as well as a theoretical understanding of mortgage law. The understandings of fundamental mortgage law gained in this course will also markedly assist the student in the study of other advanced courses. These include Secured Transactions in personal property under Article 9 of the UCC. (Article 9 actually is based on the same basic principles that govern real estate mortgages), Bankruptcy, Real Estate Transactions and Development, Banking, etc. It will also give the student some badly needed understanding of equitable principles which still pervade our current legal system. Specific topics studied include the law governing the creation of the mortgage, the limitations imposed on the mortgage contract by the fundamental anti-clogging rules developed by the courts of equity, the priority accorded a mortgage when in competition with competing interests in the same land, the legal rules governing the transfer of a mortgage, the redemption rights of the mortgagor and the foreclosure of the mortgage.

LAWS 075. Business Associations for LL.M. Students (3)
This course is an introduction to the law of business associations including general and limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and corporations tailored to their specific needs.

LAWS 080. I.T. Principles for Lawyers (2)
This course is designed to allow students to achieve an overview of information technology terms and concepts.

LAWS 083. Advanced Civil Procedure (2)
This class focuses exclusively on civil claim settlements occurring both in and outside of traditional trial courts and involving both federal and state law matters. The course will cover topics addressed not only by civil procedure laws, but also by laws in such diverse areas as contract, tort, professional responsibility, and evidence. It will include consideration of settlements of civil claims which have not yet arisen; have arisen but have not yet been pursued in litigation; and have prompted litigation.

LAWS 084. Capital Markets, Venture Capital, and Mgmt.,
Principles for Lawyers (1)
This course is designed as an introductory course for second- and third-year law students who want to understand the way in which businesses are managed and financed, the various roles that capital markets play in their development, and the methods for measuring business success. Intensive case studies will be used as a framework for looking at real world situations. The course will integrate guest lectures from visiting business leaders. CFOs will explain how they measure the success of their business and what financial information is required to do their job. Finally, a part of each class will evaluate real time business issues, applying the lessons learned from the case studies and modeling the expected outcomes. James Bildner, Case Western Reserve alumnus and CEO of Tier Technologies, will teach the course. Students will write a paper based on a case study. This course will count toward the nine-credit limit on non-law school courses. Prereq: LAWS 203, LAWS 204, or LAWS 261.

LAWS 085. Intellectual Property Transactions (3)
Students will explore how companies develop business and legal strategies to protect their intellectual property assets through agreements with strategic business partners, content providers, vendors, and licensees. As part of the course, students will select a company name and protect it, draft and negotiate agreements, and hold a mock negotiation at the end of the semester. One prior course in patent, trademark, or copyright is required. Grade is based on a final examination.

LAWS 087. Public Law and Politics (3)
This course will explore the relationship between practical politics, the law, and government by examining the social and political context of contemporary issues of major significance, with emphasis on Ohio. Classes will include guest lecturers drawn from those professionally engaged in an aspect of the political process. Grades will be based largely on independent research and writing and class participation. The course is designed to complement, but not significantly overlap, existing courses in the public law concentration, most notably, State and Local Government and Legislation.

LAWS 103. Constitutional Law I (4)
The constitutional system of the United States; judicial function in constitutional cases; the division of powers between the nation and the states and within the national government; the powers of the president; national and state citizenship; and constitutional limitations on the powers of the states and nation for the protection of individual liberties. Required.

LAWS 104. Civil Procedure (4)
A broad survey of the procedural development of a lawsuit is undertaken, tracing the various steps from pleading and discovery to trials and judgments. Modern procedural issues involved in jurisdiction of the courts, venue, choice of law, and former adjudications are discussed. Throughout the course principal attention is given to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Required.

LAWS 123. Contracts (4)
The formation of a contract; problems of offer and acceptance; consideration; the question of contract breach; damages and remedies for a breach. Required.

LAWS 131. Criminal Law (4)
A basic course in substantive criminal law, dealing with the standards to be used in defining and punishing criminal behavior. The course includes discussion of crimes and criminality; culpable mental states; causation; insanity; attempt and complicity; homicide; and rape. Required.

LAWS 132. Torts (4)
This course covers compensation of an injured party for harm resulting from intentional or unintentional acts and omissions of others. Consideration is given to the rules, rationale, and policy underlying tort liability. The course includes analysis of assault and battery, false imprisonment, negligence, standard of care, duty, risk, causation, liabilities and rights of landowners and land users, liability relating to dangerous activities and defective products, liabilities arising from special relationships or specially recognized legal interests, and defenses. Required.

LAWS 144. Property (4)
The nature of property interests; estates in land and future interests; concurrent ownership; landlord-tenant; transfer of property interests; easements, covenants, and equitable servitudes; nuisance; and zoning. Required.

LAWS 151. Research, Analysis, and Writing (2)
Both semesters must be completed before credit is given. Students are introduced to the methods and formats of written legal analysis and to both manual and computerized legal research. Writing assignments include objective memoranda of law, pleadings, motions, and persuasive briefs. Required.

LAWS 152. Research, Analysis, and Writing (1)
Continuation of LAWS 151. Both semesters must be completed before credit is given. Required.

LAWS 160. Dispute Resolution (3)
This course will examine the characteristic methods by which American courts resolve disputes, and will then compare those methods with those used by alternative institutions of dispute resolution such as administrative agencies, arbitration, and mediation negotiation. In resolving disputed issues of law, American courts are constrained by doctrines of precedent, stare decisis, and the principles of statutory interpretation, all of which will be treated in some depth in the course. Disputed issues of fact in American courts are commonly decided by juries consisting of ordinary citizens, and the course will explore a number of features of the jury as it impacts litigation in courts. The portion of the course devoted to alternative dispute resolution will involve some simulations and role-playing exercises. There will be a single examination at the end of the term which will be the primary basis for grading.

LAWS 200. Patent Litigation (3)
This course will simulate a patent infringement case. Students will be asked to represent a client, and in that capacity will identify issues, provide legal advice, and prepare papers and pleadings as necessary. In particular, students will be asked to conduct a limited number of the following simulations: draft a complaint and an answer to the complaint, including counterclaims; draft discovery documents; perform a mock Markman hearing; prepare witnesses, including expert witnesses; take and defend a deposition; or prepare pre-trial.

LAWS 202. Constitutional Law II (3)
This course explores the individual freedoms protected by the First Amendment. Primary attention is devoted to the freedoms of speech, assembly, and association. The course analyzes what is protected, why it is protected, and to what degree it is protected. Topics covered include prior restraint, advocacy of unlawful conduct, the hostile audience, defamation, commercial speech, obscenity, offensive speech, expression on public property, and symbolic speech.

LAWS 203. Business Associations I (3)
This course first deals at some length with the policies and dimensions of the doctrines of vicarious liability (liability for the wrongs of another) and authority (being bound by the assent or representation of another). The discussion then moves to questions of an intermediary’s or employee’s duties of obedience, due care, and loyalty. Against this background, the statutory approaches of the Uniform Partnership Act and the Uniform Limited Partnership Act are developed and analyzed.

LAWS 204. Business Associations II (4)
This course is an elaboration of "corporateness" as a mode of business asset ownership and management. The functions and relationships of corporate enterprise participants, primarily promoters, shareholders, creditors, and managers, are fully investigated. The course first covers preorganizational problems and fundamental concepts of corporate financing. It then canvasses the roles of ownership and management, with emphasis on the special duties (fiduciary and other) imposed on certain participants. Careful attention is paid to the allocation of prerogatives among those most intimately involved in corporate life. The discussion examines and tests the traditional view of directors as the repositories of everyday management power and shareholders as the possessors of a theoretical franchise to select management, veto fundamental changes, and enforce management responsibilities. Maintenance of the capital structure for the protection of creditors and shareholders is treated in connection with problems of recapitalization and distribution. State statutory themes are taken in the context of the ALI-ABA Model Business Corporation Act. Threads of the federal corporate regimen being developed under the aegis of the securities laws are woven throughout the course fabric. Throughout the discussion, distinctions are drawn between the requirements and policies applicable to close and to publicly held corporations.

LAWS 206. Corporate Tax Problems (3)
This is an advanced income tax course limited primarily to study and analysis of Subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code. The course is intended to provide the student with a comprehensive background in taxation of corporations and shareholders, including the tax treatment of dividends, redemptions, corporate reorganizations, and liquidations. Prereq: LAWS 211.

LAWS 207. Evidence (3)
This is a comprehensive course in the law of evidence as applied in civil and criminal cases. Subjects include relevance, direct and cross-examination, impeachment, character, expert and lay opinion testimony, and hearsay. A problem-oriented approach is used to highlight both the practical applications and theoretical underpinnings of rules of evidence. Students may not take both LAWS 207 and LAWS 212.

LAWS 210. Family Law (3)
This survey course covers law relating to the creation, functioning, and dissolution of the family as a legal unit. Topics include legitimacy, adoption, procreative rights, cohabitation, marriage, family obligations, division of marital property, divorce and annulment, and child custody. Particular attention is given to the social forces that affect the development of rules and policies.

LAWS 211. Federal Income Tax (4)
An introductory course in federal income taxation of the individual taxpayer, including a consideration of the nature of income, specific statutory exclusions, business and nonbusiness deductions, the treatment of capital gains and losses, and elementary tax accounting.

LAWS 212. Evidence (4)
A comprehensive course in the law of evidence as applied in civil and criminal cases. Subjects include relevance, hearsay, judicial notice, privileges, examination of witnesses, expert and lay opinion testimony, and real, demonstrative, and scientific evidence. This course deals with both the practical applications and theoretical underpinnings of the Federal Rules of Evidence and common law precedents. Students may not take both LAWS 207 and LAWS 212.

LAWS 214. Scientific Evidence Seminar (2-3)
The legal issues associated with the use of scientific evidence at trial. It examines the admissibility of scientific evidence, expert testimony, and related issues. In addition, it considers specific techniques such as forensic pathology, fingerprint comparison, firearms identification, bite mark comparisons, questioned document examinations, and polygraph and DNA evidence testing. Outside experts are used to present many of the topics. May satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 215. International Law (3)
Examines the basic international legal processes (including the fundamental principles, international dispute resolution processes, the sources of international law, the subjects of the international legal system, nationality and jurisdiction) as well as the role and status of international law within the United States legal system. Throughout the course, use is made of contemporary international problems.

LAWS 217. Juvenile Law (2)
The role of the juvenile court in society: its jurisdiction, procedures, and dispositional alternatives. Students study both the quasi-criminal aspects of the juvenile court (jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents and status offenders) and the civil-protective aspects of the court (termination of parental rights and the handling of neglected, dependent, and abused children). In addition, the rights afforded juveniles are compared with the rights afforded adults in comparable circumstances. Many related juvenile justice issues, such as the right of a minor female to have an abortion without parental notice and the constitutionality of capital punishment for juvenile offenders, are also examined.

LAWS 219. Workers’ Compensation (2)
Workers’ compensation law has a statutory basis which continues to evolve through judicial decisions. The statutes deal with benefits for work-connected injury and disability. Course material is national in scope with an emphasis on recent Ohio cases. The course also touches on related areas of law, such as torts.

LAWS 220. Civil Law and Psychiatry (2)
The interaction between law and psychiatry and its effects on patient rights, institutional care, guardianship, psychiatric malpractice, suicide, psychic damages, and child abuse and custody. Students will test the analysis of legal issues against actual experience (videotaped interviews, visit to a state mental hospital). The course is jointly taught by a psychiatrist and an attorney specializing in mental health law.

LAWS 222. The Health Care Professions (2)
Offered pass/no credit. Recommended for students interested in health law who do not have a medical background. The history of medicine, the scientific method, techniques for researching medical and scientific questions, basic human anatomy and physiology, and an overview of medical training and practice. Prereq or Coreq: LAWS 227.

LAWS 224. Global Perspectives (3)
An introduction to basic comparative, transnational, and international law disciplines. Using areas of substantive and procedural law familiar to first-year students, the course examines issues arising from cross-national activity. Students are exposed to choice of law, comparative law, international law, and international institutions.

LAWS 225. Criminal Law and Psychiatry (2)
The interaction between criminal law and psychiatry: psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, competence to stand trial, the insanity defense, malingered mental illness, infanticide, sexual psychopath laws, and direct and cross-examination of mental health experts. Videotaped examples serve as a basis for discussion. A visit to the Justice Center Court Psychiatric Clinic is included. The course is taught jointly by a psychiatrist and an attorney specializing in mental health law.

LAWS 227. Health Law (3)
The course examines the nature and structure of the health care system; the relationship between patient, provider, and payer; private legal controls on health care delivery such as malpractice and informed consent law; and public controls in the form of government regulatory and payment programs. Cross-listed as HSMC 427.

LAWS 229. Patent Law (2-3)
Basic concepts of patent law as property considered primarily in its substantive aspects, including the relationship to other forms of protection and intellectual property, infringement, and statutory requirements for patents.

LAWS 232. Wills, Trusts, and Future Interests (4)
A survey of the law of intestate and testate succession, will substitutes, private and charitable trusts, fiduciary administration, and future interests (including the Rule Against Perpetuities).

LAWS 234. Nonprofit Organizations (3)
Explores the rationales for the existence of the nonprofit sector and the allocation of certain functions to it. The focus is on the legal framework for the structure and operation of nonprofit organizations under state nonprofit corporation statutes and the policy and practice of preferred tax treatment for selected organizations and gifts to them under the Internal Revenue Code.

LAWS 235. Copyright Law (3)
Copyright law is the in-depth study of the legal doctrine and policy relating to the protection of one’s artistic, literary, musical, and computer-related expression. We will focus primarily on the 1976 Copyright Act and amendments thereto, such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998.

LAWS 236. Natural Resources (3)
An introduction to the law of natural resources with emphasis on private rights rather than resources in the public domain. Major themes will include: how the common law deals with rights in another’s land; problems of common pool resources, their ownership and regulation; different legal treatment of renewable and nonrenewable resources; legal structures available for the exploitation of natural resources. Primary focus will be on water, oil, and gas, but the legal issues of other extractive industries will also be considered.

LAWS 238. Mergers and Acquisitions (3)
Topics include the corporate and securities law governing various forms of mergers and acquisitions; business motivations for mergers; concerns of acquiring and acquired companies in friendly mergers; bidders’ techniques and targets’ defenses in hostile tender offers and proxy contests; valuation of businesses and investments, portfolio theory, and capital markets; concerns of companies and investors in negotiating corporate financing. Prereq: LAWS 204.

LAWS 240. Computing and the Law (3)
Deals primarily with intellectual property issues: the patentability and copywritability of software and the protection of interests in software by contract or by treating it as a trade secret. Issues relating to the risks of distributing computer software (i.e., the risks of products’ liability for computer software) will also receive considerable attention. Some time will be spent on the legal issues that arise when computers are interconnected by networks. Since many of the legal issues relating to computers arise because courts and lawyers do not understand how computers work and what they can and cannot do, the course begins with basic instruction in such matters as registers, central processing units, logic gates, and computer languages; this portion of the course includes ungraded homework assignments.

LAWS 244. Poverty, Social Inequality, and the Law (3)
An overview of the way the law impacts on disadvantaged people, and the law that supports advocacy on their behalf. Students will learn about legal problems that are common to poor people and identify potential solutions. The course will analyze the effectiveness of various legal interventions such as administrative advocacy, and litigation (including individual and class representation) in various contexts. Past and current means of using and changing the law on behalf of low-income people will be studied. Students will analyze the responsibilities of lawyers to represent low-income clients. Many of the concepts will be taught through the use of case studies; a client interview will be conducted, and court observation is required. Grade is based on oral case study presentation, written assignments, and class participation.

LAWS 245. Complex Litigation (2)
Analysis of key issues typically encountered in complex civil litigation including substantive implications of seemingly procedural choices. Class actions, multidistrict litigation, joinder and consolidation. Exploration of practical and ethical issues encountered in complex civil litigation.

LAWS 246. Advanced Contracts (3)
We will examine the methodology of law and economics and of deontological approaches to contracts, legal realism, the methodology of default rules, gap filling and incomplete contracts, adjustment of long-terms contracts, employment contracts and the employment at will doctrine, promissory estoppel, relational contracts, incorporation strategies in the U.C.C. and the new formalism in Contracts.

LAWS 247. International Human Rights (3)
The course considers the role of human rights in a period of transition to a democratic system. This issue has been absolutely critical in newly democratic nations throughout the world. We will look at such subjects as access to secret police files, the role of criminal punishment, the eligibility of candidates for public office, and the role of "truth commissions." Countries under examination will include Argentina, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, and South Africa.

LAWS 248. Criminal Procedure II (2)
The adjudicatory stage of the criminal process. Pretrial release, preliminary hearings, grand jury practice, speedy and public trial, discovery, right to jury trial, guilty pleas, right to counsel, and double jeopardy are examined. Prereq: LAWS 327.

LAWS 249. Comparative Constitutional Law Seminar (3)
The seminar deals with constitutional law and adjudication in a comparative context. It offers an analysis of judicial review and its position in the modern world. It explores certain structural and functional differences among national systems of judicial review and discusses the relatively recent phenomenon of judicial review at the supranational level, particularly as it has emerged in Europe. May satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 250. Trends and Tensions in Legal Education (3)
Focuses on critical legal studies; analyzes CLS impact or influence on critical race theory and feminist jurisprudence; covers deconstruction and its use as a method of criticism. May satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 251. Employment Law (3)
This course examines employer-employee relations in non-union settings. Topics include wrongful discharge, occupational safety and health regulation, minimum wage, and workplace privacy issues. The course emphasizes written work, including advanced legal research training. Minimal overlap with Labor Law (LAWS 359) and Discrimination in Employment (LAWS 328).

LAWS 253. European Union Law (2-3)
After a brief introduction to the institutions and organs of the European Community, the legal aspects of the internal operations of the Community will be discussed. Special emphasis will be placed on the external impact of Community law, for example, its trading rules, company law, and business competition law, as well as its rules governing the free movement of goods, services, capital, and persons. The concept of European citizenship will also be dealt with.

LAWS 257. English for Foreign Graduate Law Students (3)
This course is designed to teach English compositional skills and grammar for legal studies. With an English-as-a-second-language focus, this course will seek to teach students the various steps of the writing process, English grammar, and certain aspects of legal composition. The main goal of this course is to enable students to write clearly and correctly within U.S. legal studies and the U.S. legal work place. The course will meet twice a week for one hour. Students will be required to take this course based on a written exam administered at the beginning of the semester. Students must receive a grade of at least a C to pass out of the course.

LAWS 258. Business Torts (3)
This course builds on the foundation provided by Torts and focuses on the application of torts doctrines in the business context. Emphasis is placed on such topics as interference with economic relations, marketplace falsehoods, intangible assets, appropriation, and false light. Grade is based on a final examination.

LAWS 259. Business Associations, Advanced: Representing the
Internet Start-Up (1)
The course will provide students with an in-depth understanding of many aspects of representing the start-up internet or E-commerce company. The focus will be on corporate law and other law related to representation of such business organizations. Class will meet five times during the term for three hours each time. Students will prepare and present in-class exercises. Limited to 20. Prereq: LAWS 261 or LAWS 203 and LAWS 204.

LAWS 261. Business Associations (5)
This course is an introduction to the law of business associations, including general and limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and corporations. The functions and relationships of enterprise participants, primarily promoters, equity owners, creditors, and managers are investigated. The course covers pre-organizational problems and then canvasses the roles of ownership and management, with emphasis on the special duties (fiduciary and other) imposed on certain participants in publicly and closely-held entities. The regulation of securities fraud, proxy voting and solicitations, and the issuance of securities under the federal securities laws is explored. Fundamental concepts of business financing, including valuation of the concern and claim structure, are investigated. Organic changes, including dissolutions, mergers, and tender offers, are discussed.

LAWS 262. Appellate Advocacy (2)
The goal of the course is to teach students how to handle an appellate case. It examines appellate practice and procedure through reading materials, lectures, discussions, and simulations. Students are assigned to small groups to develop their advocacy skills through simulation exercises and critique. Credit will be awarded only to students who also participate in the Dunmore Moot Court Competition in the spring semester.

LAWS 263. Patent Prosecution (2)
This course will expose students to the issues and concepts of drafting a patent application. Topics include defining an invention, drafting a patent application, responding to Office Actions issued by the USPTO. Patent law is a prerequisite. Grade is based on three short papers and a multiple choice final.

LAWS 264. International Organizations (3)
Deals with legal issues surrounding some common characteristics of intergovernmental organizations having wide membership, with an emphasis on the United Nations systems. Many of the issues are constitutional or procedural; that is, they have to do with the powers of, and restrictions upon, the organizations or their members as set forth in the constituent instruments of the organizations or as developed in practice. Issues such as eligibility for membership and termination thereof, rights and obligations of members, dispute resolution, and legislative procedures will be addressed comparatively. The growth of international law through intergovernmental organizations is also addressed.

LAWS 265. Health Care and the Courts (3)
The seminar will examine a variety of health care issues that raise constitutional law questions. The course will focus on the following questions: (1) whether a constitutional right to health care exists, (2) what constitutional principles justify the state’s involvement in health care, and (3) how conflicts between individual liberty and state interests should be resolved. In analyzing these questions the class will address several contemporary issues including the right to parents to refuse medical treatment for a child on religious grounds, mandatory HIV and drug or alcohol testing, reproductive rights, maternal-fetal conflicts, assisted suicide, national DNA data banking, and others. Grade is based on a presentation and paper. Enrollment is limited to 12.

LAWS 266. Sales and Secured Financing (4)
A concentrated survey of the law relating to the sale and lease of goods and secured financing. (1) Sales. The primary focus will be on the law relating to the sale of goods in commercial setting, i.e., Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Some attention will be given to the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods. Considerable attention will also be given to consumer sales issues, e.g., the Uniform Consumer Sales Practices Act and similar legislation. There will be some coverage of leasing of goods under Article 2A of the UCC. (2) Secured Financing. Personal property security interests under Article 9 of the UCC will be examined in considerable depth. Real property mortgages will not be covered. Not open to students who are taking or have taken Sales (LAWS 381) or Property Security (LAWS 377). Students taking this course are precluded from subsequently taking either of those courses.

LAWS 267. Products Liability (2)
Explores in depth the liability of manufacturers and sellers for physical injury to persons or property caused by defective products. The relevant law includes UCC warranty provisions, Restatement of Tort (Second) section 402A and other tort law, state "tort reform" statutes, and federal and state statutes regulating product safety, such as the FDA and the Consumer Product Safety Act. The course will also examine proposals to "reform" the law of products liability.

LAWS 268. Death Penalty Law and Process (2)
The course offers a review of the death penalty process, theory, and law from trial through execution, including examination of state laws and federal habeas corpus law. The course focuses on the legal principles implicated by the death penalty and also examines the social issues it raises including the social/legal arguments against the death penalty, race and gender issues, and the influence of political and other factors on the process. Prereq: LAWS 327.

LAWS 274. Community Development Law (2)
An examination of the law of economic and land development in underserved and deteriorated areas. Legal issues related to business organization, financing, real estate development, governmental programs, and regulation and taxation (among other areas) will be covered. Topics include background of urban deterioration, governmental and private sources of assistance, organizing the developing entity, financing the project, governmental programs, tax policy and programs, land assemble, and administration of developments.

LAWS 275. Fundamentals of Law Practice Management (2)
An overview of the components of a successful practice. Applicable to practices of any type and size, the course integrates contemporary business theories and practices with the values of the legal profession and the realities of a law practice. Topics covered include assessing and responding to the market for legal services, client development, pricing, systems to insure quality, use of technology, firm structure and governance, and financial considerations. Class sessions include lectures, discussions, analysis of business cases developed in legal settings, and guest lectures. Students work in small teams to develop a hypothetical business plan for a firm or practice group.

LAWS 277. Immigration Law (2)
The general principles of immigration law and procedure, including federal authority to regulate immigration, removal of aliens (deportation and exclusion), administrative and judicial review, fleeing persecution (refugees, asylees, and others), immigrant and nonimmigrant visas, and consular practice. The course will emphasize practical application of current immigration law.

LAWS 279. Advanced Real Estate Development: Shopping Centers (2)
The course takes the point of view of the attorney for a real estate developer with a strong emphasis on shopping center development, including apartment complex and office building developments, but provides insights useful to an attorney for the other side: a tenant, financial institution, or major department store. The approach is practical as well as academic; the course may be considered a capstone for students interested in real estate. Topics include negotiations and documentation; actual documents are used.

LAWS 281. Environmental Anatomy of a Business Transaction (2)
Students will explore how issues of environmental law effect the structure and progress of a business transaction. A case study will start with a letter of intent and will proceed through environmental due diligence; the drafting of environmental representations, warranties, indemnities and schedules; the closing of the transactions; the making of environmental claims under the contract; and mediation of those claims to resolution. Ethical issues of new information about violations discovered in due diligence that must be reported to government agencies will be examined. Students will divide class time among the following activities: (a) the presentation of short research memoranda on the issues in the transaction, (b) the critiquing of drafts of transaction and mediation documents, and (c) role playing as sellers, buyers, bankers, environmental consultants, government agency personnel and their lawyers at different stages of the transaction. The course is designed to allow students to integrate concepts from first- and second-year courses in contracts, business associations, property, and environmental law in a series of problem solving exercises. Prereq: LAWS 331.

LAWS 282. Business Tax Problems (4)
The course is an introduction to the federal taxation of business entities (corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, etc.) and the investors in those entities. Students will examine the tax consequences of several common transactions, such as entity formation, operating distributions, liquidations, and reorganizations. Special attention will be given to the tax considerations affecting choice-of-entity decisions. Prereq: LAWS 211, and LAWS 261 or LAWS 203 and LAWS 204.

LAWS 283. Medical Malpractice (2)
The course will involve liability and quality of care issues in the health care field, with an emphasis on the liability of physicians, hospitals, and to a lesser extent insurers. Topics will include defining the standard of care, theories of liability, defenses to medical malpractice, tort reform, and quality control.

LAWS 284. Advanced Contracts eCommerce and The New Economy (1)
The course will consolidate and expand the students’ basic understanding of contract law by focusing on the formation and enforceability of electronic contracts. Students will study recent changes in the law, including the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, the European Union e-Commerce Directive, and the Canadian provincial e-Commerce law. The course will also give students a practical perspective on contractual drafting. Materials will be drawn from Maggs, P., Soma, J., and Sprowl, J., "Internet and Computer Law, Cases, Comments and Questions," (West 2001). Class participation, a class presentation and an examination will be required. Prereq: LAWS 123.

LAWS 285. Courts, Public Policy, and Social Change (3)
Examines the social impact of law and the use of social research in the legal process; assesses efforts to use law to effect social reform, and empirical studies of legal processes and institutions. Cross-listed as POSC 429.

LAWS 286. Litigation Practice (4)
This course will examine the lawyer’s role in resolving disputes. The course will take the students through a case from the initial client through litigation in a trial court up to summary judgment and then on appeal from a grant of summary judgment. We will examine (1) issues pertaining to resolution of the dispute, including negotiation, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and the costs and benefits of litigating in court, (2) issues pertaining to the development and use of facts, including exploration of the lawyer’s role as investigator, the use of formal discovery mechanisms, and the different burdens posed by the different levels of scrutiny applied by a court at different stages, (3) issues pertaining to the role of the lawyer, including his or her role as counselor to the client, negotiator with and warrior against the adversary, and advocate to the court. The course will consist primarily of simulations and class lectures, and will also involve substantial written assignments, including the drafting of pleadings, discovery materials, and briefs. Enrollment for both terms (LAWS 286 and LAWS 287) is required. Students who have taken or are enrolled in Alternative Dispute Resolution (LAWS 351); Appellate Advocacy (LAWS 262); Lawyering Process (LAWS 401); or Pretrial Practice (LAWS 399) may not enroll in this course. Students who take this course are free to take either Trial Tactics (LAWS 397) or Trial Practice (LAWS 395). The course satisfies the Lawyering Process requirement that is a prerequisite for Clinic courses. Students who complete the course in their second year may–but are not required–to compete in the Dunmore Moot Court Competition in their third year. Limited to 12.

LAWS 287. Litigation Practice (3)
(See LAWS 286.) This course is the second semester of LAWS 286. Enrollment in both semesters is required.

LAWS 288. Environmental Law Practicum (2)
This practicum will focus on facilitating public participation in and enforcement of federal and state environmental laws. Most if not all of the projects will address existing community needs and concerns in the Cleveland metropolitan area (e.g., wetlands developments, Clean Air violations, water quality concerns, and open space issues). Students will spend most of their two credits designing and writing a variety of handbooks, brochures, and other educational materials (including developing a Website) in order to provide local citizens with the tools necessary to participate more meaningfully on specific environmental problems. Students may also conduct one or more town meetings or short courses to further educate communities or nonprofit members about specific environmental laws. The clinic will serve a greatly needed (and possibly unprecedented) role in enhancing the public’s understanding of the environmental laws. Students participating in the clinic will also find their writing and research skills are strengthened, particularly their ability to communicate complex legal requirements clearly. Prereq or Coreq: LAWS 331.

LAWS 289. Secured Transactions (2)
This course deals with Article 9 of the UCC and other legal and equitable rules relating to the use of personal property as security for debts. Topics covered include creation of a security interest (mortgage), rights and obligations of the debtor (mortgagor) and the secured party (mortgagee), priority of interests in the same property, redemption rights of the debtor, and foreclosure of a security interest by the mortgagee. May not be taken by students who have taken or are taking the 4-credit Sales and Secured Transactions course (LAWS 266). Students who have taken or are planning to take the 3-credit Sales (LAWS 381) course may enroll.

LAWS 290. Federal Judicial Externship Academic Year Program (3)
Externship opportunities are available to a limited number of second- and third-year students who have not participated in the summer judicial externship program. Participants are selected by the instructor from a pool of interested students following preregistration. Students chosen will be placed by the instructor with a selected federal judge or magistrate in the Cleveland, Akron, Medina, or Youngstown areas. Throughout the semester, students will attend seminar classes at the law school for a total of 17.5 hours and will work in the judge’s chambers for a minimum of 15 hours per week. Students must keep and submit to the instructor weekly, contemporaneous time records of their work in chambers. Topics to be covered in the seminar classes will include the role of law clerks, advanced legal research techniques, the process of judicial decision making and opinion writing, learning from observation and supervision, ethics in the judicial process, reflective lawyering, what makes effective advocacy, and other topics. Students will work in chambers under the supervision of the judge and his or her law clerks where their primary role will be to perform legal research and assist in the development of judicial opinions. Copies of the students’ written work will be provided to the instructor for review. Grade is based on classroom participation and work done in the judge’s chambers. Enrollment is limited to 12. Students will be notified of acceptance into the program by August 1.

LAWS 291. Appellate Institutions and Process (3)
This course will examine the role of appellate courts in our legal system and provide a practical introduction to appellate litigation. Topics to be covered will include: the role of appellate courts (federal and state) in the American legal system; their jurisdiction, the scope and standards of review; the function of appellate courts in relation to trial courts; the function of two appellate levels; the crisis of volume in the appellate system, and U.S. Supreme Court practice. Grade is based on a final examination.

LAWS 292. Health Care Legislation (2)
The course will introduce students to legislative processes, interpretation, and drafting, focusing on health care legislation. The course will examine one major legislative proposal in depth and follow its progress through the Ohio General Assembly. Initial proposal documents, as well as the actual statute (including all versions), will be studied. The views of all constituents will be examined. One class meeting will be a mock legislative session. Some of the meetings may take place in Columbus and the class may attend a committee hearing. Prereq: LAWS 227.

LAWS 293. Financial Principles for Lawyers (3)
This course provides an introduction to the use of financial economics that are frequently relevant in many areas of law. Topics to be covered include the time value of money, uncertainty, claim structure (including the characteristics of debt, equity, and hybrid securities, and the benefits and detriments of debt and equity financing), behavior of securities markets, and analysis of financial statements. Use of these concepts in specific areas of legal practice will be discussed.

LAWS 294. eEvidence (1)
This course will focus on special problems arising from the use of electronic evidence and evidence in high-tech criminal and civil cases. Class participation, a class presentation, and an examination will be required. Prereq: LAWS 327 and LAWS 212.

LAWS 295. Law of Health Care Organization and Finance (2)
This course presents an overview of corporate health care law issues including: public and private reimbursement systems, fraud and abuse, physician self-referrals, corporate practice of medicine/fee splitting, certificate of need, tax-exempt status of health care providers, and antitrust and insurance regulation of health care providers. The course will examine the origins and public behind current corporate health care law and regulations and the issues they present for health care providers. Enrollment is limited to 25. Prereq: LAWS 227.

LAWS 296. Complex Federal Criminal Investigation and Prosecution (2)
The course will explore some of the practical, substantive, and ethical issues that arise in complex federal investigations and prosecutions. Students will read cases and articles concerning topics such as the use of electronic surveillance, plea bargaining, and contacts with persons represented by counsel. They will also discuss how the law limits or enhances the powers of federal prosecutors conducting criminal investigations and prosecutions. Grade will be based on class participation and a take-home examination. Prereq: LAWS 131 and LAWS 327.

LAWS 297. Immigration Law II: High Technology Workers (1)
The course is dedicated to the study of visas for visitors and aliens of extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, or entertainment. Course materials will be drawn from Legomsky’s Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy, the Immigration and Nationality Act, and Title 8 (CFR). Students will be required to write a paper or prepare a visa petition. The course will likely be offered every other year. Prereq: LAWS 277.

LAWS 298. Health Care Transactions (2)
This course will examine a variety of typical transactions among health care providers and payors. Students will have the opportunity to understand the financial motivation behind these transactions and to identify the unique health care law issues presented by them. Students will learn to develop alternative methods for structuring transactions to minimize or avoid such issues. The types of transactions to be examined include: physician recruitment, physician practice acquisitions, physician practice management companies, joint ventures between hospitals and physicians, mergers and acquisitions of health care providers, and formation of integrated delivery networks. Enrollment is limited to 25. Prereq: LAWS 295.

LAWS 299. Trademark Litigation (2)
This course will simulate a trademark infringement case. Students will be asked to represent a client, and in that capacity will identify issues, provide legal advice, and prepare papers and pleadings as necessary. In particular, students will be asked to conduct a limited number of the following simulations: draft a complaint and an answer to the complaint, including counterclaims; draft discovery documents; prepare witnesses, including expert witnesses; take and defend a deposition; or prepare pre-trial motions and exhibits. Trademark law is a prerequisite. Grade is based on the students work in these simulated settings.

LAWS 300. Advanced Environmental Law: Issues in Industry Compliance (3)
In-depth analysis of key issues encountered in environmental law practice from the perspectives of the regulator and the regulated entity. Introduction to environmental research and the role of agency interpretive materials. Exploration of environmental audits, ethics, and issues arising in environmental enforcement. Issues will be presented in a series of problem sets, which will form the basis for both written analysis and in-class discussion. Prereq: LAWS 331 or permission of the instructor.

LAWS 301. Administrative Law (3)
This course examines legal issues surrounding the actions of state and federal administrative agencies. Areas of emphasis include statutory interpretation; the availability, timing, and scope of judicial review of agency action; and control of agency discretion. The course emphasizes written work, including advanced legal research training.

LAWS 303. Admiralty Law (2)
The general principles of admiralty law including jurisdiction, practice, maritime liens, collisions, salvage, limitation of liability, and the rights of injured maritime workers.

LAWS 304. American Legal History (3)
This course surveys the American legal past from the Revolutionary era to the present. It examines the development of a distinct American legal culture by exploring the interrelationships among legal institutions, thought, practice, and education in various historical periods.

LAWS 307. Securities Regulation (3)
This course explores the policies and techniques of state and federal investor protection, with emphasis on the distribution of securities by issuers and their affiliates. After an analysis of express general anti-fraud remedies, the "security" concept, and the diverse philosophies underlying "value judgment" and "disclosure" approaches to regulation of business fund-raising practices, the course proceeds to a full consideration of the impact of the Federal Securities Act of 1933 on primary and secondary distributions. Concurrent as well as independent effects of state blue sky laws, typified by the Uniform Securities Act, are also treated. To round out the total pattern of investor protection in the distributional setting, the course includes limited excursions into the anti-fraud, periodic reporting, public information availability, and broker-dealer aspects of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Prereq: LAWS 204.

LAWS 308. Advanced Securities Regulation (3)
This course begins by treating the security assessment process engaged in by investors, and then proceeds to a discussion of regulation designed to perfect the decision-making process and to overcome informational and other-than-informational deficiencies in the trading markets. Topics include periodic reporting; annual reports to shareholders; duties of broker-dealers and advisors in the trading markets; trading on, and selective disclosure of, nonpublic material information; and the disclosure duties of quiescent issuers. Attention is given to the regulation of tender offers and other large-scale acquisitions of securities, as a special problem of the trading markets. The course also deals with securities regulation which benefits holders of securities, including proxy regulation, securities regulation approaches to corporate mismanagement, and Exchange Act Section 16. Post-transaction relief is also discussed, and, if time allows, attention is given to the occupational licensing aspects of broker-dealer and advisor regulations. Prereq: LAWS 307.

LAWS 309. Antitrust Law (3)
A study of the implementation of federal trade regulation statutes with emphasis on the interrelationship of these laws with the competitive tensions of the contemporary economy.

LAWS 313. Business Planning (3)
Major events in the creation and development of a business are examined in light of partnership, corporate, and tax law problems. Students are presented with a series of hypothetical client-suggested transactions. Students seek the most appropriate means of attaining the business ends desired by the principals. From time to time, brief written memoranda covering issues raised by the problem scenarios may be required. Emphasis is placed on the interaction among partnership, corporate, tax, and securities concepts and doctrine. The significant business events that may be covered in the course include formation of a partnership; incorporation of a going concern; corporate distributions, recapitalizations, and repurchases of shares; sale of the corporate business; and corporate combination. Prereq: LAWS 203, LAWS 204, and LAWS 211.

LAWS 314. Selected Topics in Human Rights:
International Crimes against Women (1)
This course will explore the development and implementation of newly recognized or emerging international human rights law. The course will draw upon at least three major lectures sponsored by the Klatsky Seminar in Human Rights in collaboration with the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center and the Journal of International Law. Students will read the works of the lecturer and other source materials and meet to discuss them in advance of the lectures, attend the lectures, and meet afterwards to explore the issues raised. Three short papers are required.

LAWS 315. Commercial Paper (3)
One of the basic courses in commercial law, dealing with the law of negotiable instruments and bank collections and deposits. These topics are considered primarily under the Uniform Commercial Code and, to some extent, recent federal banking and consumer credit legislation.

LAWS 317. Comparisons of Law (3)
This course concentrates on the comparative study of distinguishing features of the legal systems of foreign societies in order (1) to understand, by reverse projection, the unique characteristics of U.S. analogs, (2) to cultivate a cross-cultural jurisprudential understanding of law through the development of the comparative method, (3) to develop a basis for evaluating the fairness, efficiency, and integrity of legal systems currently engaged in reform efforts, (4) to appreciate obstacles to the development of international law from a comparative perspective, including distinctive problems of transnational practice.

LAWS 319. American Indian Law (2)
An introduction to the body of law governing the relationship among Indian tribes and state and federal governments. Major themes include tribal sovereignty; the federal-tribal relationship; criminal, tax, and regulatory jurisdiction on reservations; and the rights of individual Indians. Does not fulfill writing requirement.

LAWS 320. Conflict of Laws (3)
Competing approaches to choice of law in cases having multi-state and/or multi-national contacts. The course also covers personal jurisdiction, constitutional and international limitations on choice of law, and enforcement of judgments. Comparative and international perspectives are integrated throughout. Students develop their own choice of law theory in a simulated restatement conference.

LAWS 323. Debtor-Creditor Law (3)
The creditor’s power to enforce its judgments through such judicial processes as attachment, execution, levy, garnishment, and creditors’ bills. The debtor’s power to resist creditors’ claims through statutory exemptions or federal bankruptcy discharge, or because the creditor has acted inappropriately or in bad faith. Also studied is the creditor’s power to set aside and avoid fraudulent transfers made by the debtor, a power which has generated much litigation in recent years. We also study the special rights of the federal government to enforce its claims, through the Federal Debt Collection Act of 1990, the Federal Priority Statute, and the Federal Tax Lien Statute. Finally, we survey collective creditors’ remedies under state law, including assignments for the benefit of creditors, creditors’ arrangements, and receiverships.

LAWS 324. Bankruptcy (3)
A study of bankruptcy, with emphasis on the current Federal Bankruptcy Act. Includes Chapter 7 (liquidation bankruptcy proceedings), Chapter 11 (business reorganization), and Chapter 13 (debt adjustment by individuals). Also noted and investigated are the quite different policies and legal rules that we apply to bankrupts because they no longer are capable of conforming to the usual legal standards. Students should take UCC and debtor-creditor courses before taking Bankruptcy.

LAWS 325. Taxation of Corporate Reorganization (3)
The course will examine the federal income taxation of corporate reor-ganizations, including mergers, stock-for-stock exchanges, assets-for-stock exchanges, split-ups, spin-offs, triangular and reverse triangular mergers, and recapitalizations. More specifically, the course will analyze the tax consequences to the corporations who are parties to the reorganization, and their shareholders and the carryover of net operating losses and other tax attributes. Prereq: LAWS 211 and either LAWS 206 or LAWS 282.

LAWS 327. Criminal Procedure I (3)
The investigatory stage of the criminal process. Constitutional limitations on searches and seizures, interrogation practices, and pretrial identification procedures are examined. In addition, the exclusionary rule, the principal method for enforcing Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment rights, is considered.

LAWS 328. Discrimination in Employment (3)
The federal laws and regulations concerning discrimination in employment. These include Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Equal Pay Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and federal executive orders requiring affirmative action in employment. Regulation of discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, age, and disability will be studied, with a focus on practical considerations in prosecuting and defending employment-based civil rights actions.

LAWS 331. Environmental Law (3)
The course is designed to provide an overview of both the breadth and depth of environmental regulation in the United States and to consider ways our environmental regulatory system might be improved. Although all of the major environmental laws will be surveyed, several statutes will be examined in greater detail. Students will be expected to navigate select provisions of statutes and regulations through in-class problem sets. Guest speakers will also be invited to speak on topics of current interest.

LAWS 332. Civil Rights (3)
The course focuses on race, discrimination, and segregation in American law. It includes historical material on the Civil War amendments to the Constitution, equal protection cases, and statutory remedies under the current civil rights legislation. The substantive areas examined include segregation and discrimination in education, housing, public facilities, and voting rights. Employment discrimination is not covered in this course, but in Discrimination in Employment (LAWS 328).

LAWS 335. Equity and Equitable Remedies (3)
The course provides a short introduction to the equitable jurisdiction and in particular to the concept that "equity acts in personam." The major emphasis of the course is on the specific performance of contracts and on injunctions against continuing torts. A major concern is the doctrine that equity affords a remedy only when the remedy at law is inadequate. The course also gives some attention to the law of restitution, since restitutional remedies, even those granted by law courts, are traditionally considered to be equitable. Equitable liens, constructive trusts, equitable enforcement of "restrictive convenants," and the doctrine of "equitable conversion" are considered. The defenses that apply to equitable remedies, such as laches, "unclean hands," and the doctrine that "he who seeks equity must do equity" are also considered. If time permits, some consideration is given to injunctions against governmental officers and to other extraordinary remedies that form the common law basis for administrative law and judicial review of governmental actions.

LAWS 336. Ethics in the Professions (3)
Theories of professional ethics, as applied to the professions of law, medicine, nursing, social work, and management. A major portion of the course will be devoted to issues common to these professions, such as confidentiality, truth-telling, client or patient autonomy, decision making, and conflict of interest, comparing professional norms and practices in the light of the dominant ethical theories first developed. Open to students of law, medicine, nursing, applied social sciences, and management. May satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 340. Federal Courts (3)
This course explores the relationships between the federal courts, Congress, and state courts and governments. Topics include congressional control of federal jurisdiction, justiciability, federal court abstention, suits against state and federal governments and officials, habeas corpus, and federal injunctions on state proceedings.

LAWS 341. Estate Planning and Taxation (3)
This course covers disposition of individual wealth from both the property law and tax law viewpoints. Grade is based on class participation and major written project. Students may elect either to complete a research paper or to prepare an estate planning memorandum and documents for a hypothetical client. Prereq: LAWS 232 and LAWS 211.

LAWS 343. Federal Taxation of Partnerships and S Corporations (3)
A study of Sub-chapters K and S of the Internal Revenue Code, with emphasis on the problems of determining the tax liability of (1) partners for contributions to partnerships, distributions from partnerships, and transfers of partnership interests; and (2) shareholders for the equivalent transactions involving S corporations. Prereq: LAWS 211.

LAWS 346. Insurance (3)
A comprehensive introduction to the regulation of the insurance industry and to the legal issues arising from relations between the parties to insurance contracts. The course examines statutory regulation of the industry by state and federal agencies and analyzes cases involving aggressive regulation by the judiciary as well. Insurance decisions on the cutting edge of developments in contract, tort, and agency law are studied. Students are required to study the policy forms most frequently encountered in practice: the automobile policy, the homeowner’s policy, and the life insurance policy. The course also provides exposure to problems relating to other areas of insurance including commercial general liability coverage, fire insurance, professional liability (malpractice) coverage, and health insurance.

LAWS 348. International Negotiations and Agreements (3)
Introduces students to the role of the lawyer in the dispute avoidance (rather than dispute resolution) process in relation to international agreements. The course is taught from the simulation approach. Students take active part in a mock negotiation and drafting of the international agreement between the United States and another country to be selected (either Canada or Russia). In the mock negotiation students are divided into two six-person teams, one team representing the U.S. and the other team representing the other designated country. Prereq: LAWS 215.

LAWS 349. International Trade and Development (3)
The public international and United States law regulating international trade. (The private law of international trade and investment is dealt with in International Business Transactions, LAWS 354.) It includes the economic theory of international trade (although no exposure to a course in economics in secondary or undergraduate education is necessary) as well as a legal examination of issues regulating global and regional (e.g., the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, EEC) international trade. Primary emphasis is on the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) as well as such United States legislation implementing the GATT as antidumping and countervailing duties legislation and escape clause relief. The roles of trade and aid are also explored, as well as U.S. legislation affecting the transfer of resources to less developed countries.

LAWS 350. International Arbitration (2)
An advanced course covering the current status of arbitration as a dispute settlement mechanism in international affairs. This course will cover the use of arbitration as a means of resolving international disputes: a) between private parties; b) between private and governmental parties; and c) between governments. It will cover possible forums and rules of arbitral dispute resolution and the problems of the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Special aspects of dispute resolution in certain geographical and subject areas will be covered as will be the problem of sovereign immunity. Disputes arising from multinational business transactions will be focused on as will be maritime, environmental, and border disputes.

LAWS 351. Alternative Dispute Resolution (2)
Students will examine the processes of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) through reading materials, videotapes, guest lectures, and simulation exercises. Particular emphasis will be given to the interaction of lawyers and clients in business negotiations and in litigation. Negotiation, arbitration, mediation, the summary jury trial, and the mini-trial will be examined. The class will also cover impediments to ADR, such as lack of understanding or hostility on the part of clients or lawyers. Cross-listed as LHRP 451.

LAWS 353. Philosophy of Law (3)
This is an examination of the general nature of law, the broad concerns of jurisprudence, the study of comparative law, and many of the issues raised in the literature of legal philosophy. Students will examine the principles of legal positivism, mitigated natural law, and rights theory. Selected readings and cases will illustrate these theories, which will also be examined in the context of rule selection by new governments in developing or revolutionary societies. The course also looks at the general nature of legal systems: how politics, morality, and individual views of justice and rights affect particular court cases and the course and development of law generally. Topics will include abortion, obscenity and sin, civil disobedience, affirmative action, surrogatehood, and the death penalty. This is unlike any other of the legal theory or jurisprudence courses, and those who have sampled legal theory elsewhere in a different form are welcome and encouraged to enroll. Cross-listed as PHIL 335.

LAWS 354. International Business Transactions (3)
The private law of international trade and investment. (International Trade and Development, LAWS 349, deals with the public law of international trade and investment.) The emphasis of the course is on the legal aspects of foreign market penetration by U.S. firms, including exporting, licensing, and investing. The laws studied will be host country regulations, foreign and U.S. tax, antitrust law, and export and import laws. In addition basic issues faced by multinationals, such as co-determination, employee participation, transfer pricing, and technology transfer will be studied.

LAWS 356. Jurisprudence (3)
The main themes in the history of Western jurisprudential thought. Ideas such as the nature of justice, the definition of law, the power of the state, legal and moral obligation, and the nature of the judicial process are explored through the works of such writers as Aristotle, Aquinas, Austin, Dworkin, Holmes, Hart, and Finnis, together with selected works of literature.

LAWS 359. Labor Law (3)
The basic course in the area of union-management relations, designed both for students desiring to pursue the field further and for those whose interest lies in an introduction to legal principles in this area. The course begins with a brief historical study of the evolution of the labor movement and prestatutory law. It then considers federal regulation under the National Labor Relations Act of union organizational efforts, management-union interaction, and the representational process, then proceeds to the collective bargaining process. The collective bargaining process is examined in some depth with special emphasis on the scope and substance of the duty to bargain in good faith, the enforcement of collective bargaining agreements in courts and by arbitrators, and the legal regulation of industrial warfare, the strike and lockout.

LAWS 360. Labor Arbitration and Collective Bargaining Workshop (3)
Students participate in a collective bargaining project involving contract drafting and negotiation, with settlement required prior to a predetermined strike deadline. They also arbitrate a grievance arising under their executed agreements. The course materials deal with bargaining strategy and game theory, arbitration process and procedure, and the subject matter of collective bargaining agreements: seniority, management rights, union security, wages, vacations, holidays, discharge, and discipline. In addition, students will make use of tools of labor law research in drafting an arbitration brief. Prereq: LAWS 359 or equivalent.

LAWS 363. Land Use Control (3)
This course analyzes the public control of land use, primarily at the local and state levels. Both legal and policy perspectives are considered. Attention is given to constitutional limitations such as the takings doctrine, equal protection, and due process. Topics considered include zoning, subdivision controls, exclusionary regulations, and historic preservation.

LAWS 365. Legislation (2-3)
This course is a study of the legislative process and product. The class will examine theories of the legislative function; campaign and election regulation; the processes through which the legislature acts; and the drafting and interpreting of statutes.

LAWS 370. Intellectual Property (2-3)
The course will survey federal and state intellectual property rights, including getting, keeping, and protecting trademarks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets. Unfair competition doctrines will also be examined. The course will emphasize a wide range of practical applications, including artistic expression, industrial espionage, corporate counseling, and employment agreements.

LAWS 373. Bioethics and Law (3)
How the legal and policy systems reconcile competing values and interests in controversies surrounding the practice of medicine. Case law, legislation, advisory policies, and institutional policies will be examined, as well as selected commentary from the legal, medical, and philosophical perspectives. Substantive topics to be addressed include definitions of death, competent patients’ right to refuse treatment, decisions on life-sustaining treatment for incompetent patients (including children), active euthanasia and assisted suicide, hospital ethics consultants and committees, organ transplantation, and selected issues raised by genetics and by managed care.

LAWS 374. State and Local Government (3)
Examines the power of state and local governments. Among the topics considered are the purpose and role of local governments; the source and scope of local governmental power; state and federal constitutional restraints on local governmental activity; the distribution of powers between state government and local governments; and the various options by which state and local governments finance their activities.

LAWS 375. Professional Responsibility (3)
This course deals with questions underlying the responsibilities of the lawyer, as a professional, to self, society, client, and the profession. Premises concerning the lawyer’s role or roles within the context of the adversary system are examined in some detail, as is the idea of professionalism. The Model Code of Professional Responsibility and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct are analyzed as generalized statements of the aspirations and obligations of lawyers, and as applied to concrete problems. Required.

LAWS 377. Property Security (3)
The use of property as security for repayment of a debt is growing in all sectors of our economy. This course deals with the underlying social policies and the fundamental legal and equitable rules governing these secured transactions. In particular, we study the fundamentals of the law of security interests (historically and still commonly known as mortgages) in both real estate and personal property (the latter now codified in Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code), and we identify the common principles underpinning these seemingly separate bodies of laws. The posing of actual problems assures that students develop strong practical capacity as well as theoretical understanding. Specific topics studied include creation of the security interest (mortgage), the legal rights and obligations of the debtor (mortgager) and the secured party (mortgagee), the priority accorded to a security interest when in competition with competing interests in the same property, the transfer of a security interest, the redemption rights of the debtor (mortgager), and the foreclosure of a security interest. Students may not take both LAWS 377 and LAWS 266 (Sales and Secured Financing).

LAWS 379. Restitution (3)
Studies the remedies by which one recovers specific property, the value of specific property, or a debt. A detailed examination of the remedies and legal theories that govern recovery of benefits conferred without a contract, under a void or voidable contract, or under a contract that is broken by either the plaintiff or the defendant. The major remedies considered are those of replevin, ejectment, debt, quasi-contract, specific restitution in equity, equitable liens, constructive trust, equitable accounting, tracing assets, and subrogation. Substantive areas that are studied include frustration of purpose, fraud, mistake, duress, unjust enrichment, and protection of ideas. Since restitution is often an alternative remedy in cases where damages are also available, the course also considers the normal rules for calculating damages for breach of contract and for tort.

LAWS 381. Sales (3)
One of the basic courses in commercial law. It serves equally as an introduction to the general organization, structure, and appropriate application of the Uniform Commercial Code. Primarily we study the law of Sale of Goods under Article 2 of the U.C.C. Necessarily this includes a study of products liability law, which is explored under both sales warranty and strict tort liability theories. The interrelationship between these competing theories of products liability law are also investigated. Other specific topics studied are the legal rules applicable to 1) the formation of the sale contract, including the battle of the forms, statute of frauds, and parol evidence rule, 2) performance of and excuse of performance from the sales contract, 3) title warranties and title transfers, and 4) remedies for breach of the sales contract. Students may not take both LAWS 381 and LAWS 266 (Sales and Secured Financing).

LAWS 385. Real Estate Transactions and Finance (2-3)
Covers basic real estate transactions as well as issues involved in complex finance and development. Topics include: brokers, land contracts of sale, deeds and title covenants, the recording system, title insurance, mortgages, shopping center development, cooperatives and condominiums, ground lease financing, construction lending, distressed properties, selected federal income tax issues, and the real estate attorney’s professional responsibilities. Whenever possible, issues will be examined in the context of model transactions.

LAWS 386. Advanced Evidence Seminar (3)
This seminar is designed to cover specific issues in evidence, e.g., privilege, toxic torts, computer-generated evidence, expert testimony, syndrome evidence, and profile evidence. A paper and presentation are required. The paper may satisfy the writing requirement.

LAWS 390. Advanced Labor Law (2)
Covers relations between employers, employees, and unions not covered in the basic Labor Law course (LAWS 359). Among topics included are hot cargo agreements, obligations of successor employers, duty of fair representation, union security, federal preemption of state labor legislation, internal union affairs, and labor law reform. Prereq: LAWS 359.

LAWS 391. Sports and Entertainment Law (2)
Sports and Entertainment Law is the study of legal issues and problems relating to the music, television, and sports industries. This course focuses on the applicability of various legal doctrines to these industries, such as intellectual property law, labor law, and contract law. Also, emphasis will be placed on negotiation tactics and letter and contract drafting by conducting several negotiation and drafting exercises as well as a simulated representative relationship between the student and the entertainer/athlete. In the context of a mock litigation/arbitration, students will also be required to draft legal briefs in support of the contractual positions taken during the contract drafting