10900 Euclid Avenue
Phone 216-368-3200; Fax 216-368-3204
Jerold S. Goldberg, Dean

The School of Dentistry is a professional school offering a curriculum leading to the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree (D.D.S.). Advanced Education Programs in the dental specialties are also available. The School of Dentistry also offers a program of continuing education courses for dental practitioners and auxiliaries including dental laboratory technicians.

The School of Dentistry was organized June 21, 1892, as the Dental Department of Western Reserve University. For the first 25 years of its existence, the school was located in downtown Cleveland. In 1917, the School of Dentistry became an integral part of the University and now occupies a building adjacent to the schools of medicine and nursing and University Hospitals of Cleveland.

The School of Dentistry is a member of the American Association of Dental Schools and all of the programs of the School of Dentistry are accredited by the Commission of Dental Accreditation. Since its organization, it has conferred degrees on approximately 4,500 graduates.

Jerold S. Goldberg, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Dean of the School of Dentistry; Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Ronald L. Occhionero, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs; Professor of General Practice Dentistry and Chair of the Department

Marsha A. Pyle, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University), M.Ed. (Cleveland State University)
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs; Associate Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology

Stanley A. Hirsch, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University), M.S. (Indiana University)
Associate Dean for Graduate Studies; Associate Professor of Oral Pathology and Acting Chair of the Department

Robert F. Hirsch, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Dean for the Coordination of Clinical Education; Associate Professor of General Practice Dentistry

Christine H. Williams, M.B.A. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Dean and Director of Development and Alumni Affairs

Philip C. Aftoora, B.S. (University of Dayton), M.A. (Case Western Reserve University)
Director of Student Services

David A. Dalsky, B.A., M.Ed. (Kent State University)
Director of Admissions

John W. Smolik, M.B.A. (Baldwin Wallace College)
Director, Finance and Operations

Judith M. Ablaza, D.M.D. (University of the Philippines), M.S.D. (Indiana University-Purdue University)
Assistant Professor of Periodontics

Yasser Armanazi, D.D.S. (Al-Baath University, Syria)
Assistant Professor of Pediatric Dentistry

Hussein M. Assaf, D.D.S. (The Ohio State University)
Assistant Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Sally T. Baden, D.D.S. , M.S. (Case Western Reserve University
Associate Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology

Sahar A. Bajoury, B.D.S., M.D.S. (Cairo University)
Assistant Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Nabil F. Bissada, B.D.S. (University of Cairo, Egypt), D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University), M.S.D. (University of Minnesota)
Professor of Periodontics and Chair of the Department

Jon P. Bradrick, D.D.S. (University of Iowa)
Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Seth B. Canion, D.D.S. (Howard University)
Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry and Chair of the Department

Louis P. Castellarin, D.D.S. (Marquette University)
Associate Professor of Restorative Dentistry and Chair of the Department

Sami M. Chogle, D.D.S. (Dharwad University, India), M.S.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Endodontics

Francis M. Curd, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of General Practice Dentistry

Fady F. Faddoul, D.D.S., M.S.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Anthony J. Ficara, D.D.S. (Farleigh Dickinson University), M.S. (George Washington University)
Assistant Professor of Periodontics

Jerold S. Goldberg, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Dean

Angela R. Graves, D.D.S. (Meharry Medical College), M.S. (Columbia University)
Assistant Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Yping W. Han, Ph.D. (University of Illinois)
Assistant Professor of Periodontics

Mark G. Hans, D.D.S., M.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Professor of Orthodontics and Chair of the Department

Robert F. Hirsch, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Professor of General Practice Dentistry; Assistant Dean for the Coordination of Clinical Education

Stanley A. Hirsch, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University), M.S. (Indiana University)
Associate Professor of Oral Pathology and Acting Chair of the Department; Associate Dean for Graduate Studies

T. Roma Jasinevicius, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Jefferson J. Jones, D.D.S. (University of Pittsburgh)
Associate Professor of Endodontics and Chair of the Department

James A. Lalumandier, D.D.S. (Georgetown University), M.P.H. (University of North Carolina)
Associate Professor of Community Dentistry and Chair of the Department

Michael A. Landers, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology

Charles J. Love, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Professor of Restorative Dentistry

André K. Mickel, D.D.S., M.S.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Endodontics

Santiago Moncayo, D.D.S. (Pontifical Xavierian University)
Assistant Professor of General Practice Dentistry

Suchitra S. Nelson, Ph.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Community Dentistry

Ronald L. Occhionero, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University)
Professor of General Practice Dentistry and Chair of the Department; Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs

Juan Martin Palomo, D.D.S. (Ponta Grossa State University, Brazil), M.S.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Orthodontics

Michael P. Powers, D.D.S. (University of Iowa), M.S. (University of Michigan)
Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Chair of the Department

Marsha A. Pyle, D.D.S. (Case Western Reserve University), M.Ed. (Cleveland State University)
Associate Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology; Associate Dean for Academic Affairs

Faisal A. Quereshy, D.D.S. (State University of New York), M.D.(Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Danny R. Sawyer, D.D.S., Ph.D. (Medical College of Virginia)
Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology and Chair of the Department

Manish Valiathan, B.D.S. (College of Dental Surgery, Manipal, India), M.S.D. (Case Western Reserve University)
Assistant Professor of Orthodontics

Russell Wang, D.D.S. (University of Toronto) M.S.D. (Indiana University)
Associate Professor of Restorative Dentistry

Aaron Weinberg, D.M.D., Ph.D. (The Hebrew University, Israel)
Associate Professor of Periodontics

Tim S. Whittingham, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin), M.B.A. (Case Western Reserve University)
Associate Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology

Stephen Wotman, D.D.S. (University of Pennsylvania)
Professor of Community Dentistry

Kristin A. Zakariasen, D.D.S. (Dalhousie University)
Senior Instructor of Community Dentistry

Physical Resources
The entire Health Sciences Center has been designed so that students can travel from the School of Dentistry to the School of Medicine, the School of Nursing, the Health Sciences Library, the Health Sciences Dining Room, and any component of University Hospitals without having to go outside.

The Dental School building was designed to provide a modern teaching facility. The Multimedia Laboratories are designed and equipped so that the basic sciences (except for anatomy), technique and simulated clinical experience can be carried on by the student in his or her individual area. The 50,000 square foot dental clinic floor consists of two major clinical areas and five specialty clinics. The major clinics are made up of individual cubicles, fully equipped as private operatories. Each student clinician is assigned to one of the individual operatories for the academic year.

Drawing from a local population of more than one million, the clinics provide a broad spectrum of care to the population, affording the student substantial clinical experience. The school cooperates with various organizations of the city in caring for their clients, an arrangement that provides additional clinical experience for students.

Libraries
The Cleveland Health Sciences Library (CHSL) was formed in 1966 by an agreement between the Cleveland Medical Library Association (CMLA) and Western Reserve University. CHSL operates in two locations: the Allen Memorial Medical Library and the Health Center Library (HCL). The total collection currently numbers 380,000 volumes. More than 1,177 journals are received.

The Allen collection, strongly clinical, serves private and institutional members of the Cleveland Medical Library Association as well as faculty and students of Case Western Reserve University.

The Health Center Library collection of basic science materials is primarily for faculty and students of the schools of dentistry, medicine, and nursing and the department of biology.

The Dittrick Museum of Medical History, located on the third floor of the Allen Library, contains nearly 20,000 objects related to the history of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy, with special emphasis on Cleveland and the Western Reserve. The museum also contains a medical archives collection and a rare book room.

Reference staff in both libraries help and instruct patrons in the use of the library and its bibliographic resources. Items not available on campus may be obtained through interlibrary loan. Other services provided are quick telephone reference, citation verification, computerized or manual bibliographic searches., and access to the internet. The library staff can provide on-line searching of more than 100 data bases.

Hospital Affiliations
The School of Dentistry has working relationships with many hospitals and health clinics in the Greater Cleveland community. Students have the opportunity to function as dentists and observe hospital routine and operating room techniques in these hospitals. Many members of the faculty hold staff appointments in these extramural health facilities.

University Hospitals is a 974-bed tertiary care facility located across the street from the School of Dentistry. Graduate departments in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry are based at this facility. A variety of educational and research opportunities exist in relation to this affiliation.

The Veterans Administration Hospital is a modern 780-bed hospital in the University Circle area. The hospital provides dental services for both outpatient and inpatient veterans.

The Free Clinic
The Free Medical Clinic of Greater Cleveland, at 12201 Euclid Avenue, is a nonprofit community service organization that presently offers medical, dental, podiatric, and legal services, as well as family planning and psychological counseling programs for adults and children; provides a patient advocacy program and speakers for community education and training at other health agencies; and operates a hotline seven evenings a week.

Dental students may volunteer their services to any of the programs at the clinic. However, most participate in delivering dental care to the indigent; this also increases students’ skills in emergency and comprehensive patient care.

The mission of dentistry is the protection and improvement of the health of individuals and society with a concentration on oral health. Professional activities encompass a wide variety of endeavors including the clinical care of individuals, the prevention of disease, the discovery of new knowledge, and the development of procedures and policies that protect and improve health, especially for those populations at risk for disease.

Because oral health is an important concern of society, the role of the dentist continues to be essential and rewarding. Men and women who are interested in scientific studies directly related to the welfare of people should find a strong appeal in dentistry as a life work. It offers an unusual opportunity for public service, community respect, and the use of originality, compassion, and substantial skill and independent judgment on a daily basis.

The mission of the Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry is to efficiently provide contemporary programs in oral health education, patient care, research and scholarship, and service that are attractive to our constituents. We will accomplish this in an environment which fosters collegiality and professionalism, and that enables a diverse group of students to become competent practitioners of dentistry.

The students who enter the School of Dentistry are very carefully selected and already have had many opportunities for intellectual and social development. The years in dental school should permit the continued maturation of the individual and should emphasize the basic knowledge and skills which are common to all dentists. Graduates should continue their dental education during their professional careers and add to the basic concepts taught in dental school by studying the literature and by attending continuing education courses. While in dental school, the student develops an attitude of professionalism and a sense of responsibility toward the patient’s welfare, which will provide optimal dental care.

The Committee on Dental Education studies, reviews, and evaluates the school’s educational goals and objectives, subject matter, grading systems, and clinical and laboratory experiences.

The School of Dentistry, in conjunction with the Greater Cleveland Dental Society, offers an expanding program of continuing Dental education to practicing dentists and auxiliary personnel.

Guest lecturers, including faculty, who have distinguished themselves in one of the many specialty areas of dentistry present courses on an annual basis.

The continuing education courses encompass the expanding horizons of dentistry, covering such subjects as endosseous implants, periodontics, oral medicine, endodontics, dental materials, esthetic dentistry, restorative and prosthetic dentistry, occlusion, practice management, and orthodontics, as well as expanded functions for dental auxiliaries.

These courses are designed to keep the practitioner abreast of current procedures and enrich the participant’s knowledge of the newest and most accepted advances in all subjects of dentistry. Courses may include subject matter of an experimental and/or controversial nature. This material is offered to the profession for educational and informational purposes in a spirit of academic freedom. Participants are given the opportunity to weigh the validity and usefulness of this material according to their own professional experience and judgment.

Case Western Reserve Dental School continuing education courses are eligible for fellowship credit through the Academy of General Dentistry (AGD). The Case Western Reserve University Dental School continuing education program is an ADA-recognized provider (Continuing Education Recognition Program.)

Currently the license to practice dentistry is granted by the Ohio State Dental Board after successful completion of appropriate examinations.

The candidate must be 21 years of age, show evidence of good moral character, and affirm that he or she understands the Ohio Dental Law.

Specific information about licensure in Ohio and other states should be obtained from the individual state boards of dentistry.

Admission to the D.D.S. Program
The Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry is a participant in the American Association of Dental Schools Application Service (AADSAS). An application request card may be secured from either AADSAS, 1625 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Suite 101, Washington, D.C. 20036, or from the School of Dentistry. It is advantageous to initiate the application procedure as early as possible. You may choose to submit your application electronically or download and print the application via the application service home page www.ADEA.org.

Application may be initiated as early as June of the year before intended registration. Applications may be forwarded before the completion of prerequisite course work and the Dental Admission Test. At the time the application is forwarded to AADSAS, the application fee of $45 (see financial information) should be forwarded to the School of Dentistry. The applicant should request the Council on Dental Education, American Dental Association, to forward a Dental Admissions Test transcript to the School of Dentistry. When the application is complete, it will be reviewed by the Admissions Committee. If additional material is required, it will be requested after review of the application. The committee reviews applications continuously throughout the year.

Dental Admissions Test
All applicants are required to take the Dental Admissions Test, which is conducted by the Council on Dental Education of the American Dental Association, in electronic format at Sylvan Learning Centers. The School of Dentistry recommends that the test be taken no later than April of the year before the expected date of application. The scoring of the Dental Admissions Test is on a range of 1 to 30, with the mean score being 16; each integer represents one half of one standard deviation.

Personal Interviews
All accepted applicants to the School of Dentistry are interviewed by the Admissions Committee before acceptance. Since it is physically impossible for the committee to interview every applicant, interviews are held only at the invitation of the committee. The Admissions Committee begins conducting formal interviews in August for entrance the following August. Early applications are encouraged and given priority, but the deadline is February 1st.

Academic Requirements
Matriculation at the School of Dentistry requires a minimum of 60 semester hours or its equivalent of collegiate courses exclusive of physical education and military training. Most applicants have completed three or more years of work toward a bachelor’s degree by the time they enter dental school.

Primary consideration is given to applicants with a superior grade point average in both overall course work and prerequisite pre-dental courses. All applicants are expected to have demonstrated competence in the basic prerequisite courses. Students likely to be given first priority are those who have achieved superior grades in the basic sciences and who have taken an adequate sampling of courses in the social sciences and humanities to give them a broad background. Candidates with major areas of concentration in fields other than the basic sciences are given equal consideration with those who have majored in the basic sciences.

In order to permit maximum flexibility in the selection of candidates, the school has established a limited number of specific prerequisite courses. These include a minimum of 12 semester hours of chemistry (of which 6 semester hours should be in organic chemistry), 6 semester hours in biology, 6 semester hours in physics, and 6 semester hours in English. All prerequisite science courses must include laboratory instruction. These minimal requirements permit superior applicants to pursue a variety of subjects in their areas of academic interest. Students who have difficulty in the prerequisite science courses are encouraged to pursue additional work in the sciences.

Pre-dental electives suggested by the Admissions Committee include comparative anatomy, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and physiology. These courses are helpful in providing a foundation for the basic science courses to be taken in dental school. However, advanced science courses should not be taken to the exclusion of courses in the humanities and social sciences, which are likely to enhance the applicant’s social and verbal skills and facilitate effective dealings with patients.

Advanced science courses most commonly taken during the undergraduate years by dental students include anatomy, biochemistry, calculus, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, and physiology.

Letters of Recommendation
The applicant should arrange to have letters of recommendation sent to AADSAS at the time the completed application is forwarded to AADSAS. These should be from the Pre-Dental Advisory Committee at the applicant’s college. If no Pre-Dental Advisory Committee exists, letters from two instructors in the basic sciences are acceptable. Additional letters may be requested by the Admissions Committee.

Deposit of Acceptance
In accordance with the guidelines of the American Association of Dental Schools, applicants will not be advised of acceptance before December 1 of the year preceding their enrollment. Acceptances on or after that date are provisional and are contingent on the applicant’s maintenance of an acceptable level of achievement throughout the remainder of the college program. Upon notification of acceptance, the applicant is required to make a deposit of $1,000, due 45 days from the date of acceptance. All deposits apply toward tuition and are non-refundable and nontransferable.

After January 1, the payment of the deposit is required no later than 30 days after notification of acceptance. By July 15, the balance of tuition for the first semester of the first year must be paid.

Advanced Standing
A student in good standing at another dental school or a graduate of a foreign dental school may be considered for advanced standing at this school. Acceptance is based on the review of credentials, personal interview, bench testing, and English language testing as applicable. Transfers for students attending other dental schools can be arranged only if schedules and course content at the other school are similar to those of the Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry.

The transferring student or foreign-trained dentist must submit a written request to the Committee on Admissions of the School of Dentistry indicating a desire for transfer or be considered for advanced standing. Upon receipt, an application will be sent. In addition to the completed application form, the applicant must submit all undergraduate and dental school transcripts, Dental Admissions Test scores, Dental National Board scores, a letter from the dean of the school of current attendance stating that the applicant is in good standing, or in the case of a foreign graduate, a letter from the dean of the school attended stating that the student was graduated and at what rank, and other information deemed appropriate by the committee. The fee for application to advanced standing is $55 and must accompany the submitted application.

If the committee decides that a transfer or advanced placement is feasible, the applicant will be required to pass a laboratory "bench test" examination in the clinical sciences. All travel and lodging costs are borne by the applicant. An additional fee is charged for those who are required to take a "bench test" and is due at the time of the test.

Registration
The act of registration includes the payment of the first semester tuition and the completion of the simplified registration form provided by the School of Dentistry. First-year students who do not register on the opening day of school and who have failed to provide satisfactory reasons in advance for the delay forfeit their right to admission. Vacancies which arise from such circumstances are filled from the list of alternate candidates at the discretion of the Committee on Admissions.

Registration must be completed by all upper level students within 10 days after the opening day of school. Under unusual circumstances, special arrangements may be made with permission of the dean. The Social Security numbers of students are used for all records and documents and must be provided at the time of registration. Foreign students will be issued a number for this purpose if they have not obtained a Social Security number prior to registration.

Grading Policy
The responsibility for assigning grades rests exclusively with the course director, who must announce the general method of grading at the beginning of the course. Course grades are reported to the registrar of the school at the end of the course or when a final grade has been determined if prior to the scheduled completion time for the course. Incomplete or conditional grades can be changed only by the course director in accordance with university policy.

The following grading system is used at the School of Dentistry for students entering the Doctor of Dental Surgery program:

Grade point averages are calculated by multiplying the number equivalent of the letter grade by the number of credit hours for the course. The semester grade point average is computed by dividing the total number of grade points earned during a given semester by the sum of the credit hours for all courses in which the student received letter grades of A, A-, B+... or F taken during that same semester. The cumulative grade point average is computed by dividing the total grade points earned by the sum of the credit hours for all courses included in the grade point calculation. Grade points earned when an IN grade is replaced by the appropriate course grade are credited to the semester in which the incomplete or course in progress grade was received, but action taken regarding student standing or promotion at the time of the incomplete is not affected.

Promotion
The general guidelines used by the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion are that each student must attain a grade point average of at least 2.0 for didactic courses and for pre-clinical technique/clinical courses by the end of the first semester, and each semester thereafter. Students may not be promoted with one or more failing or incomplete grades unless they have entered a remedial program to remove those grades by a deadline set by the course director or committee. In the usual case, the remediation must be completed no later than the end of the next regular semester or summer clinic session, whichever is sooner. Students cannot be graduated with any failing or incomplete grades and must have a minimum overall cumulative 2.0 grade point average. Each student’s academic performance is reviewed by the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion as soon as possible after the conclusion of each semester and summer clinic session. Additional review may occur after each eight week period or when grade reports are submitted. The committee sets standards of academic performance for promotion and standing, probationary requirements and remedial actions, and recommends candidates for graduation. The committee, at its option, may place a student on academic review, academic probation, clinical warning, clinical review, clinical probation, require repeat of an academic period, or require a student to withdraw.

The committee will notify each student in writing of their status at least twice each academic year; following the end of each semester and more frequently if necessary. The committee takes reasonable care to accurately evaluate each student and inform them of their status by letter in a timely manner. If a letter cannot be hand delivered, it will be mailed to the student’s official address. The committee reserves the right to reissue letters of standing or promotion at any time it deems necessary. It is the responsibility of the student to fulfill all academic, pre-clinical, and clinical requirements, and to abide by all official policies and protocols outlined in the student services and clinical policy manuals of the Dental School. For each semester of enrollment, the student is expected to achieve a grade point average of at least 2.0 for didactic courses and 2.0 for pre-clinical technique and/or clinical courses. Students who fail to meet these general guidelines may be placed on:

A student may appeal an action of the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion. The appeal must be in writing, state the basis of the appeal, and be filed within 14 days of the issuance of the notification letter sent to the student informing them of committee action. The written appeal should be directed to the chairperson of the committee. The student may request or be invited to appear before the committee at the hearing of the appeal. The committee will inform the student in writing of the results of the hearing of the appeal. The student is advised to consult with the chairperson, the director of student services, or the associate dean for academic affairs for further information prior to filing the appeal so that the process can be fully explained and the student’s rights protected. The school reserves the right to require a student to withdraw from the school for any reason it deems sufficient. Academic or clinical failure, moral delinquency, gross misconduct, or failure to meet the specific conditions of probation or review is sufficient reason for requiring withdrawal from the school.

Terms and Course Length
The school year consists of 34 weeks of five days each, exclusive of vacations, and is divided into two semesters of two terms each. The final week of each semester is reserved for examinations. There are mandatory summer clinic and class sessions for all students at the end of the second and third years. A fee is charged for these summer sessions.

Attendance
Students enrolled at the School of Dentistry are expected to pursue their course of study according to a systematic plan as determined by the Faculty. It is the policy of the School that student attendance for clinic and clinic duty assignments is mandatory. Attendance requirements for lectures, laboratories and seminars are at the discretion of the course director. The course director is free to determine the extent to which absences affect the final grade. The student should realize that lack of regular attendance is extremely disruptive of academic progress and every attempt to attend all classes is strongly encouraged. The student should also be aware that the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion will consider faculty notation of poor attendance in its deliberations.

The Office of Student Services serves as a clearinghouse to notify faculty and staff of a student’s absence. Students who are not able to attend classes, laboratories or clinic are to call 216-368-6136 and advise the office of the period and expected duration of an absence and the reason that you will not be able to attend classes. The office will notify appropriate faculty and staff.

Note that the above action does not represent an approved absence. The clearinghouse function provided by the Student Service Office is a notification service. Individual faculty may express their own policy concerning absence as stated in the course outline.

There are situations where an approved absence that excuses the individual from classes et. al. are appropriate. An approved absence requires the approval and signature of the Director of Student Services.

Absence from Examinations
The student is expected to be present at all examinations or provide, when possible, advance notice to the Office of Student Services when absence from an examination is anticipated. If a student fails to provide advanced notice, the student must provide an appropriate excuse. Failing to provide an acceptable excuse, the student will meet with the Director of Student Services and the course director to discuss the absence. Following such consultation, the student will be informed of the consequences. The course director may permit the student to be re-tested (with or without penalty), be assigned a grade of zero for the examination, or receive a failing grade for the course.

Leave of Absence
A student may request a Leave of Absence for personal reasons or reasons of health when anticipated or actual absence is in excess of three weeks. Such request must be submitted in writing to the Director of Student Services who will forward the request to the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion. The request must be submitted by letter and state the reason for the request, the length of leave requested and the date of return. The Committee will ordinarily grant such requests if the student is currently enrolled and has been in regular attendance prior to the time or circumstances that necessitated the request. The request may be submitted by a parent, spouse or authorized agent of the student if the student is unable to file the request. The maximum length of leave is one year. Students must resume registration at the expiration of the leave unless formally granted an extension. Re-entry into the dental program is determined by the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion and may not necessarily be at the same level attained at the time the leave was granted. The Committee also reserves the right to place a student on Leave of Absence when it has determined that the circumstances warrant that action, even in the absence of a formal request.

Degrees Conferred
The degree Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) is awarded to students successfully completing the four-year professional program offered by the school. The Master of Science in Dentistry (M.S.D.) degree is awarded to graduate students who successfully complete a graduate program of advanced study. Degrees are granted by the university on the recommendation of the faculty subject to the satisfactory completion of all curricular requirements and the discharge of all financial obligations to the university. The recommendation for a degree is discretionary with the faculty, and there is no contract stated or implied, between the university and the student that a degree will be conferred at any stated time, or at all.

Withdrawals and Refunds
To officially withdraw from the School of Dentistry, a written notice must be submitted to the dean for approval. Failure to attend class or merely giving notice to an instructor will not be regarded as an official notice of withdrawal. A student who withdraws after the start of a semester must pay a portion of the usual tuition. The student is charged in accordance with the University policy on withdrawals. If the withdrawal occurs during the time that the student is enrolled in summer clinic, the student is charged at a rate of 12.5% per week of usual fee for summer clinic.

The university will refund any tuition paid for a semester by any student in good standing who is inducted, or called to active duty, by the Armed Forces of the United States prior to completing that semester, and who does not receive credit for the work completed during that semester.

Appropriate Attire
All students are expected to dress appropriately. The dental student is obliged to follow the dress code developed by the Dental Student Council and approved by the faculty. Graduate students and residents are expected to dress in a manner acceptable to their department.

Personal Property Insurance
Students are responsible for their personal property while on campus. The University assumes no responsibility for loss of or damage to a student’s personal property, and the University insurance program does not cover such losses. Many "homeowner policies" purchased by a student’s family provide coverage for such perils as fire, water and theft. If this coverage does not exist, the student may wish to consider a separate policy.

The dental school’s Office of Student Services acts as a resource for individual dental students, and for classes as a whole, providing services and administering programs that supplement the regular curriculum and enrich the quality of student life. Programs under the direction of this office include:

Student Activities
The School of Dentistry encourages its students to avail themselves of cultural opportunities within the university and the community.

Each class has its own student organization which is governed by the students, with advice from the dental school’s Office of Student Services and other teaching staff when such advice is requested.

The Student Council is an organization representing the entire student body whose purpose is to advance the interests of the students of the School of Dentistry and the university. Students of the School of Dentistry share in university athletics, participating in interclass, interdepartmental, and intercollegiate contests in various activities.

The School of Dentistry has chapters of three of the national dental student fraternities: Alpha Omega, Delta Sigma Delta, and Psi Omega. Students of all classes are eligible for student membership in the American Dental Association.

American Student Dental Association
The American Student Dental Association (ASDA) is a student organization of approximately 20,000 individual predoctoral and postdoctoral members organized into chapters, one at each of the U.S. dental schools. The ASDA is committed to the following:

The local chapter at Case Western Reserve University, representing more than 90 percent of the dental students, provides benefits that include:

Freshman Orientation
Incoming students are introduced to the school, the university, and the Cleveland area in a three-day program presented by the Office of Student Services, faculty members, and upper-class students.

Faculty Advisors
All students are assigned to faculty advisors during freshman orientation. The advisors are volunteers from the faculty who offer the students guidance and fellowship during their educational program.

Student Monitoring
The Director of Student Services monitors student grades on a regular basis and works individually with students. Students are assisted in defining problems, identifying available resources, and choosing specific steps to be taken toward improvement.

Tutoring
The Office of Student Services provides tutoring for students who need to improve their academic performance. The tutors are usually upperclassmen or graduate students. Students may seek tutoring on their own or be recommended for tutoring by course instructors. Tutors emphasize study techniques, time allotment, problem solving, and communication in addition to comprehension of content.

Honors, Prizes, and Awards
Recognition, both honorary and monetary, is given to students who achieve excellence in different facets of their dental education. A complete description of each award is available in the Office of the Dean.

Scholastic Achievement
Alpha Omega Fraternity Award for Scholarship
Omicron Kappa Upsilon
Callahan Prize
American Academy of Oral Medicine
American Association of Women Dentists Award

General Dentistry
American College of Dentists, Ohio Section
International College of Dentists
Pierre Fauchard Academy Award

Community Dentistry
Robert Dean Feder Award
Comprehensive Dental Care
Ohio Academy of General Dentistry

Endodontics
American Association of Endodontists
Doctor Paul P. Sherwood/Hrutkay Award

Operative Dentistry
Academy of Operative Dentistry

Oral Diagnosis, Radiology, and Treatment Planning
American Academy of Radiology
American Academy of Oral Medicine

Oral Pathology
American Academy of Oral Pathology

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
American Dental Society of Anesthesiology, Incorporated

Orthodontics
American Society of Orthodontists

Pediatric Dentistry
American Society of Dentistry for Children
Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped

Periodontics
American Academy of Periodontology

Prosthodontics
Dentsply International Merit Award in Prosthodontics

Practice Management
Richard A. Collier Prize

Research and Scientific Papers
Alpha Omega Prize
Block Drug Award

The University Office of Student Affairs serves as an ombudsman focusing attention on the rights and responsibilities of students within the university community. In addition, it serves as a central source of information about university policies and procedures that affect student life and extracurricular programs and services. Students may contact the University Office of Student Affairs for resolution of specific problems and for referral to other university offices or campus agencies.

The Doctor of Dental Surgery curriculum is a sequence of learning experiences designed to prepare the student to serve as an effective general dental practitioner. The present curriculum is a "diagonal" structure designed to give the student a broad foundation through initial instruction in the basic sciences and an introduction of limited clinical experiences during the early period of education. As the student progresses through the educational program, clinical experience increases to facilitate integration of basic science information with clinical science training.

Methods of Instruction
The traditional methodology of lecture, seminars, laboratory, and clinical teaching is augmented by the use of teaching aids developed at the School of Dentistry and elsewhere. Among these aids are:

Instructional techniques utilized are intended to encourage students to be active participants in their education wherever possible, and are facilitated by small group conferences, seminars, and demonstrations. These small group settings promote personal and informal communication between students and instructors. In addition, the resources of the libraries offer the opportunity to satisfy personal interests and professional aspirations.

Combined Degree Programs
By arrangement with the College of Arts and Sciences of Case Western Reserve University and other cooperating institutions of higher education, an in absentia privilege is accorded undergraduates in their senior year whereby the first year of professional study may be substituted for the last year of liberal arts education. The student may be granted a baccalaureate degree by the liberal arts college upon completion of the first year in the School of Dentistry. Arrangements for this in absentia privilege must be made by the student with the liberal arts college before entering the School of Dentistry. This option must be exercised at completion of the first year of study in the School of Dentistry unless permission is granted by the undergraduate college and dental school by prior arrangement.

Joint Degree Programs
Students enrolled full time in the School of Dentistry desiring to enter a joint degree program must apply and be admitted to a non-dental degree program of another school of the university through the usual process followed for admission at that school. If accepted, the student must notify the associate dean for academic affairs in writing at least four weeks prior to the start of the semester they wish to initiate non-dental course work in the joint degree program. A dental student must be in the top one-half of the class to be eligible to enter a joint degree program and may not begin earlier than the second semester of the first year.

If the student appears eligible for the initiation of a joint degree program, a dental faculty member will be assigned as an Advisor to the student. The faculty Advisor will be responsible for routine matters such as assisting in registration (e.g. add slips) in addition to the advisory function. Students should be assigned, or request, an Advisor on the faculty of the second school in which non-dental course work is taken.

Eligible students must meet with the advisors and program coordinators of both schools. Following this meeting, the student will be provided with a written agreement and guidelines specifying the program which will have priority in all future considerations, a curriculum plan and projected timetable for the completion of course work, and other conditions or stipulations in effect that will govern the student’s tenure in both programs. The student will acknowledge the agreement with their signature.

First year students are limited to one course (3 credit hours) in the first semester (spring) of a joint program. Upper level students (years two through four) in good standing (defined as top one-half for this purpose) may enroll for up to two courses (six credit hours) in each of the fall or spring semesters. Course work undertaken in the non-dental program should not ordinarily be scheduled during the regular school hours at the School of Dentistry unless approval is granted by the associate dean for academic affairs. Course work taken as a part of the non-dental program cannot be used to meet the requirements of the dental program.

Tuition charges for course work taken in the non-dental program are the responsibility of the School of Dentistry to the extent outlined in the agreement and to a maximum of six credit hours per semester (fall and spring semesters only) if the student fulfills all eligibility requirements, is enrolled full time and in good standing at the School of Dentistry, and is current in the payment of tuition to the School of Dentistry. Tuition charges for non-dental courses taken during the summer semester are the responsibility of the student. Enrollment in a joint degree program does not constitute a guarantee that a degree will be granted for either program at any given time or at all.

Permission to continue in the joint program may be withdrawn by either school for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, poor or failing grades or grade point averages, incompleteness or tardiness in completing program requirements, delinquency in payment of tuition, nonacademic or academic probation, suspension or dismissal.

Problems that might arise will be resolved on a case-by-case basis by the associate dean for academic affairs and the faculty advisors in consultation with the student. The student may appeal any unfavorable decision to the Committee on Student Standing and Promotion for final resolution.

Special Programs for Undergraduates
The College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Dentistry jointly offer two programs for exceptionally able and well qualified high school seniors who plan to pursue careers in dentistry. Students admitted to these programs will be provided with advisors from both the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Dentistry. Prior to enrollment in the School of Dentistry, all students are required to achieve an acceptable performance on the Dental Admission Test given by the American Dental Association. Students in the Six-Year Dental Program should take the test no later than April of the second year and must achieve an average of 15 or higher on both "Academic" and "PAT" portions of the test.

Six-Year Dental Program
The Six-Year Dental Program is designed to enable the especially mature student who is determined to pursue a career in dentistry to accelerate his or her undergraduate and professional education.

The first two years of the program are spent in the College of Arts and Sciences. Students are required to follow a specific curriculum. In order to secure the place reserved for them in the first class year at the School of Dentistry, students must earn a cumulative average of 3.0 or higher for all course work attempted and must achieve grades of "B" or higher in the required courses in biology, chemistry, and physics.

After successful performance in the pre-dental part of the program and on the Dental Admission Test, students in the Six-Year program move into the first year of dental school. The D.D.S. is awarded upon completion of the six-year program.

Up to 10 students can be admitted to the Six-Year Dental Program each year.

Pre-Professional Scholars Program in Dentistry
The Pre-Professional Scholars Program in Dentistry is designed for those who desire careers in dentistry but wish to broaden and enrich themselves with a full undergraduate program before embarking on study in a professional school. Such students matriculate in the College of Arts and Sciences with a conditional commitment for admission to the School of Dentistry to be honored upon completion of the bachelor’s degree.

Students are free to develop and follow a course of study that reflects their educational interests and needs rather than concentrating solely on activities that enhance their chances for admission to professional study. Participants will be expected to take the courses required of pre-dental students and to maintain a grade point average of 3.0 or higher both for their work in the sciences and overall.

Expanded Function Dental Auxiliary Program
The School of Dentistry offers a non-degree certificate course in expanded dental functions to dental auxiliaries with requisite training and experience. This continuing education program prepares the student to take an examination administered by the Ohio Commission on Dental Testing for Advanced Qualified Personnel.

The Expanded Function Dental Auxiliary course is a part-time program and includes didactic, pre-clinical laboratory, and clinical training. It is affiliated with several hospitals and health agencies in the Cleveland metropolitan area, where a portion of the clinical training takes place. Students are selected for admission on the basis of their performance on an entrance examination administered by the program faculty.

Basic Science Programs
The most direct route toward a career in research is through the Doctor of Philosophy degree programs offered by the departments that are basic to health education: anatomy, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology. Inquiries about these non-dental school programs should be addressed to the Dean of Graduate Studies, whose catalogue provides specific information about these programs. Fellowships may be available to qualified students to assist them during their period of study and research leading to an advanced degree. The curricula of the School of Dentistry are designed to provide general education in dentistry or in areas of clinical specialization. However, recognizing the need within dentistry for individuals qualified for teaching and research, the School of Dentistry may provide the use of its facilities and faculty as part of a cooperative program in the training of such individuals.

Programs Offered
The School of Dentistry, in cooperation with other institutions, offers programs of study in advanced education in general dentistry, endodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Entry requirements vary and are determined by the program director and faculty of each program who select applicants for admission. Program length, stipends offered and program requirements vary by program. Requests for application materials should be directed to the Office of Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry or printed from the internet at http://www.cwru.edu/dental/casewebsite/

All advanced education programs are accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association and are board-eligible programs for the respective specialty boards. The programs in endodontics, orthodontics, and periodontics are master’s degree programs with a certificate granted upon completion of the degree requirements. The programs in advanced education in general dentistry and pediatric dentistry are certificate-only programs. The program in oral and maxillofacial surgery is a joint program with the School of Medicine leading to the M.D. degree and certificate in oral and maxillofacial surgery. A certificate-only program in oral and maxillofacial surgery may be available at the discretion of the department.

Entry Requirements
The School admits qualified students without regard to race, religion, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, national or ethnic origin. All programs are highly structured and require a commitment to full-time study. Time for employment is limited; enrolled students are not permitted to engage in outside dental practice without the approval of their program director.

In order to be considered for admission, the applicant must submit several items; a completed application form (PASS or MATCH applications are accepted for some programs), all requested supporting documents such as transcripts, letters of recommendation, etc., and an application fee by the deadline published for each program. Incomplete or late applications will not be considered unless all other qualified applicants have been offered admission and a vacancy remains.

The selection of individuals for entry into a program of study is made by the program director (faculty) from the pool of applicants. The general criteria of the most qualified applicants for admission are as follows:

The applicant must be a graduate of dental school accredited by the American or Canadian Dental Association or have been graduated from an institution considered by the School of Dentistry as one of acceptable academic caliber. (Applicants who are currently enrolled as dental students must submit a final transcript and verification of graduation from a dental school prior to entry if selected.)

The applicant should have earned a 3.0 (B) average or its equivalent and/or been graduated in the highest one-third of their graduating dental class.

The applicant must have passed Part I of the National Dental Board and should have an average score of at least 85 and have taken or applied for Part II (to be completed with a score of 85 or higher prior to entry if selected). If the applicant is a graduate of a foreign dental school and has not taken the National Dental Board, recent GRE examination results may be substituted (general test and one subject test in biochemistry, biology or chemistry). GRE scores should be at the fiftieth percentile or higher.

The applicant should have a documented interest in their field of study and must meet additional criteria set by the department to which they are applying. Applicants graduated from a non-English speaking dental school, and for whom English is not their first language, must take the TOEFL test with a minimum score of 550 (paper-based score) or 213 (computer-based score).

These criteria are considered minimums and a higher level of performance (where applicable) enhances the likelihood of acceptance. Applicants who paid an application fee but were not accepted, can be considered, at no additional fee, for entry the following year. In order for the application to be considered for the following year, a request for reactivation of the application must be made in writing and received by the deadline for applications for the following year. Those not selected for the second year must submit a new application and pay the applicable fee for further consideration.

Applicants selected for programs in advanced education in general dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, or pediatric dentistry must be eligible for licensure or intern certificate issued by the State of Ohio, and must be a graduate of a dental school accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. International applicants are accepted into the programs offered by the Departments of Endodontics, Orthodontics, and Periodontics.

Admission of Students from Other Countries
See "Students from Other Countries" in the Student Affairs section of this Bulletin.

Registration
Advanced education programs operate on a 12 month basis, from July 1st of one year to June 30th of the next. The year is divided into two six-month semesters (Fall, July 1 to December 31; Spring, January 1 to June 30). The act of registration includes submission of a course schedule approved by the department, the payment of semester tuition and the completion of the simplified registration form. Each semester, registration must be completed as scheduled. Registration for each semester is handled through the Dental School Registrar. Students enrolled in fall and spring semesters may arrange to pay bills for tuition and fees in two installments. At least half of the total bill must be paid at registration, the remainder must be paid in accordance with university policy. Fees may be charged for late registration or late payment. Students who fail to register within 30 days after the published dates will be considered to have withdrawn from the program. In the School of Dentistry, students who are not registered are not considered students of record, lose the protections of the university in matters of liability and therefore, may not treat patients. They can no longer attend class or receive grades and will have to formally reestablish their matriculation. In any circumstance, all lost course and/or clinical time will be added to the end of the program’s original completion date.

Under unusual circumstances, special arrangements for registration may be made with permission of the department chairperson and the Associate Dean for Graduate Studies. Social Security numbers are used for all records and documents and must be provided at the time of registration. Foreign students will be issued a number for this purpose if they have not obtained a Social Security number prior to registration. New students and new residents who do not register as specified and who have failed to provide satisfactory reasons for the delay in advance, forfeit their right to admission. Vacancies which arise from such circumstances are filled from a list of alternate candidates at the discretion of the department.

Grading
The responsibility for assigning grades rests exclusively with the course director, who must announce the general method of grading at the beginning of the course. Course grades are reported to the Registrar of the School at the end of the course or when a final grade has been determined if prior to the scheduled completion time for the course. Incomplete or conditional grades can be changed only by the course director (see grading policies of the university). The following grading system is used at the School of Dentistry for advanced education courses:

Transfer Credit
Transfer of credit from another university is limited to six semester hours of graduate-level courses. Such transfer requires approval from the student’s advisor, the departmental chairperson, and the Office of Graduate Studies. Courses must have been taken within five years prior or subsequent to matriculation in the graduate program at Case Western Reserve University, and only those with grades of "B" or better are transferable. No credit for thesis may be transferred from another university.

Graduate credit is not awarded for 100 or 200 level courses or their equivalents.

Thesis Advisory Committee
Each master’s degree candidate is advised to consult with their program director as to when, and how, to form a thesis committee. The department chair, in consultation with the program director, chooses a faculty member to serve as the primary thesis advisor. This advisor also serves as the chair of the thesis committee. The primary thesis advisor will help identify other members of the faculty (at least two) to serve as secondary advisors and as members of the thesis committee. At least two members of the thesis committee must be from the department in which the student is enrolled, and one must be from another department. Additional membership is not restricted and may include persons from outside the University who have qualifications acceptable to the department chair. Members of the thesis committee continue in their capacity until the student graduates or leaves the program of study. The thesis committee will be responsible for guiding the student in the development of a thesis protocol. Once a protocol is acceptable, the thesis committee members advise the student on the conduct of the research and writing of the thesis document. Ultimately, the committee members will evaluate the student’s oral defense and final thesis document.

Research Project
For master’s degree programs, each student must carry out an original and meaningful research project acceptable to the department chairperson and the advisory committee. A written thesis, similarly acceptable, is to be prepared and must conform to the standard format determined by the Office of Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry. The thesis must be submitted before the prescribed deadline. An oral examination (defense) of the thesis is required. This examination is administered by the student’s advisory committee before a standard date set by the Office of Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry. Unanimous agreement of the committee is required to pass the thesis examination. A student must be registered for thesis credit or continuing graduate work during the semester in which the thesis examination is conducted. The thesis defense is ordinarily open to all members of the university faculty, student body, and guests.

Extra Courses
Individual students enrolled in an advanced education program, whether or not a master’s degree is involved, may be required to take courses beyond the general requirements set forth by the department in order to complete the program. In such instances, the student must be notified in writing by the department chairperson, with a copy filed in the Office of Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry.

Time Limits
Each student is expected to maintain continuous registration and all requirements must be completed within five consecutive calendar years immediately following matriculation as an advanced education student, including approved periods of leave of absence. A student who fails to complete the requirements within five years must be formally readmitted with full standing in order to continue study, subject to terms of readmission, future time limits, and revised requirements for the award of the degree. Prior status in the program is no guarantee of readmission and should not be assumed.

Leave of Absence
A student may request a leave of absence for personal reasons or reasons of health when anticipated or actual absence is in excess of three weeks. A written request for a leave of absence must include the reason for the request and the length of time requested. A leave of absence cannot exceed one calendar year. It must be submitted to the program director and to the Associate Dean for Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry. The program director will forward the request with his/her response to the Committee on Graduate Studies. In order to be eligible for such requests, the student must be currently enrolled and in regular attendance prior to the time or circumstances that necessitated the request. At the expiration of the leave, the student must resume registration unless formally granted an extension. A leave of absence does not extend the maximum time permitted for the completion of degree requirements. A student who fails to obtain an approved leave, or who fails to resume registration at the time expected, may be separated from the program. During the period of leave, it is expected that the student will not avail himself or herself of the teaching and research resources of the School of Dentistry or the University. At the end of an approved leave, reentry into the program is reviewed by the program director in concert with the Committee on Graduate Studies, and may not be at the same level attained at the time the leave was granted. Programs with a high patient case component may require that the clinical portion of the program be repeated in its entirety. Finally, the committee also reserves the right to place a student on leave of absence where it has been determined that the circumstances warrant, even in the absence of a formal request.

Maintenance of Good Standing
A minimum cumulative grade point average of 2.75 is required for good standing in a graduate program for all courses taken for graduate credit (excluding those graded Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory or Pass/No Pass).

The Associate Dean for Graduate Studies reviews student performance and may recommend a course of action to the Committee on Graduate Studies. The committee may require remedial work, place a student on academic review or probation, set conditions for continuation in the student’s course of study or program, and may require withdrawal for failure to meet the academic standards set by the department or school. A student who receives a grade deemed unsatisfactory in any course is placed on probation and must remove himself or herself from probation within a time period specified by the committee. It is expected that removal from probation will ordinarily require repetition of the course with an acceptable grade or the successful completion of work deemed equivalent by the student’s advisory committee and the departmental chairperson.

In this regard, a student may be separated from the university for any one of the following reasons:

In calculating the grade point average, all courses for which quality points are given are counted, including courses which may be required to be repeated. In addition, on the recommendation of the student’s department, and with due process, the School of Dentistry may suspend or separate a student from the university for failure to maintain appropriate standards of conduct and integrity in discharging their responsibilities. Academic failure, moral delinquency, gross misconduct, or failure to meet the specific conditions of probation or academic review is sufficient reason for requiring withdrawal from the school.

Graduation
The minimum requirements for the master’s degree in the School of Dentistry are 54 semester hours of course work, including six or more semester hours of thesis/equivalent registration, and the submission of an accepted thesis. Individual departments may require additional semester hours of specific course work and/or thesis. Not less than 48 semester hours may be at the 500 level or higher.

A candidate for a Master of Science in Dentistry degree must make application for the degree to the Office of Graduate Studies of the School of Dentistry no later than two months before the commencement at which the degree is expected.

Candidates must meet all deadlines for completion of degree requirements set forth in the calendar issued by the Office of Graduate Studies for the School of Dentistry. All thesis students must be registered during the semester in which the degree is awarded (also see "Delayed Graduation").

The awarding of the degree is dependent upon the satisfactory completion of all requirements, and the recommendations of department chairperson, Committee on Graduate Studies, and Faculty of the School of Dentistry. The student must complete all requirements for both the master’s degree and certificate in order to receive either.

Degrees will not be awarded to candidates with delinquent financial accounts that include, but are not limited to, tuition payments, fees, and library fines.

Delayed Graduation
A candidate who has successfully defended his or her thesis, but who fails to meet the deadline for thesis submission for graduation in one semester, will be permitted to receive his or her degree at the next scheduled graduation, without further registration or payment of tuition if the completed thesis is submitted within fourteen days of the date originally scheduled for graduation. If all requirements are not met within this grace period, the candidate must register for the subsequent semester.

DENC 122. Preventive Periodontics (1)
Companion clinical component to DEND 121. Clinical application of methods for the prevention and maintenance of periodontal health in patients. The importance of patient education, motivation, and cooperation in present methods of prevention and plaque control.

DENC 124. Outreach Preventive Dentistry (2.5)
Clinical component of DEND 123.

DENC 162. Dental Anatomy (1)
Companion preclinical component to DEND 162. Laboratory exercises and assignments include drawings, waxups, tooth identification, and use of semi-adjustable articulator.

DENC 163. Masticatory Dynamics (1.5)
(See DENC 162.)

DENC 172. Basic Procedures in Fixed Prosthodontics (1)
Laboratory component of DEND 172.

DENC 222. Periodontics (1)
Companion clinical component for DEND 222. Students observe and assist at periodontal surgical procedures on moderately advanced periodontal diseases. Treatment includes root planing, curettage, occlusal adjustment, minor tooth movement and case maintenance.

DENC 227. Oral Diagnosis (.5)
Companion clinical component for DEND 229. Clinical experiences consisting of assignments in the admitting and radiology service; radiology seminars where the technique and interpretation of the radiographs taken by the students are discussed; and clinical conferences with a staff member.

DENC 248. Endodontics (.5)
Companion laboratory component to DEND 248. Complete endodontic treatment performed by each student on extracted teeth using gutta percha.

DENC 267. Partial Denture Design Lab (1.5)
Theories of removable partial denture construction which enable the student to perform exercises that are associated with the techniques used to achieve a successful result. Students will be evaluated by various testing methods.

DENC 269. Prosthodontic Technology (1.5)
Companion preclinical component to DEND 269. Each student constructs a complete set of dentures using laboratory manikin as patient. Although DENC 269 was conceived as a technique course, one of its principal objectives is to prepare the student for the clinical aspect of dental education.

DENC 271. Basic Procedures of Restorative Dentistry (2)
Companion laboratory component to DEND 272. Exercises in restorative dentistry in the preclinical laboratory including tooth preparation and restoration, related techniques, biomechanics, and clinical application. Single-tooth and fixed partial prosthesis on a typodont according to modern principles of design, occlusion and esthetics.

DENC 272. Basic Procedures of Restorative Dentistry (2)
(See DENC 271.)

DENC 282. Orthodontics (1)
Companion laboratory component to DEND 282. Application and fabrication of various orthodontic appliances.

DENC 322. Surgical Periodontics (1.5)
Companion clinical component to DEND 321. Clinical treatment in conjunction with residents and faculty.

DENC 328. Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning (1)
Treatment planning based on the correlation of fundamentals taught in diagnosis, preventive dentistry and restorative dentistry. Clinical experience in the application of didactic training consists of four components; assignments in the admitting and radiology service where students carry out examinations of the newly admitted patients and evaluate their problems and needs; radiology seminars where the technique and interpretation of the radiographs taken by the students are discussed; assignments to the emergency service; and clinical conferences with a staff member.

DENC 348. Endodontics Clinic (1.5)
Companion clinical component to DEND 348. Clinical application of endodontic techniques.

DENC 364. Operative Dentistry Clinic (1.5)
Companion clinical component to DEND 364. Clinical application of the basic principles of operative and cosmetic dentistry.

DENC 368. Removable Prosthodontics Clinic (1.5)
Companion clinical component to DEND 368. Clinical experiences in removable prosthodontics.

DENC 374. Fixed Prosthodontics Clinic (1.5)
Companion clinical component of DEND 374. Clinical experiences in fixed prosthodontics.

DENC 378. Pediatric Dentistry and Applied Nutrition (1.5)
Companion clinical component of DEND 378.

DENC 389. General Practice Dentistry (3)
Comprehensive dental care. Each student is assigned for clinical training to a preceptor group led by a practicing general dentist. The preceptor guides the students in diagnosis, treatment planning, and actual patient treatment with consultation in various specialties as required. Experiences in the provision of emergency dental care. The preceptor directs the total dental health care of the patients of each of his students. Biweekly seminars are provided for each preceptor group. Special topics, student cases, techniques, and journal articles are discussed.

DENC 390. General Practice Dentistry (3)
Clinical application of the principles of general practice dentistry.

DENC 422. Periodontics (.5)
Clinical application of surgical and nonsurgical techniques used in the treatment of moderate periodontal disease. Students exposed to more advanced cases through clinical demonstrations by instructors. Students encouraged to gain additional experience and become more confident in the management of periodontal patients.

DENC 428. Oral Diagnosis and Radiology (.5)
Clinical experience in the admitting and radiology service.

DENC 448. Endodontics (1)
Clinical application of the principles of endodontics therapy. Diagnosis and treatment planning. Management of endodontic emergencies and prognosis of endodontic treatment.

DENC 458. Clinical Oral Surgery (.5)
Clinical application of the principles of oral surgery.

DENC 464. Operative Dentistry (1.5)
Clinical application of the principles of operative dentistry.

DENC 468. Prosthodontics (1.5)
Clinical application of the principles of prosthodontic dentistry.

DENC 474. Fixed Prosthodontics (1.5)
Treatment of patients requiring simple and advanced fixed prostheses as an integrated part of total patient care.

DENC 478. Pediatric Dentistry (1)
Emphasizes comprehensive oral health care of the well child to provide experience in examining, diagnosing, treatment planning, and completing treatment of a selected number of children. Preventive aspects of pediatric dentistry emphasized. Additional voluntary experiences in clinical practice of pediatric dentistry available.

DENC 482. Clinical Orthodontics (1)
Clinical application of the principles of orthodontics.

DENC 489. General Practice Dentistry (5)
Comprehensive dental care. Each student is assigned for clinical training to a preceptor group led by a practicing general dentist. The preceptor guides students in diagnosis, treatment planning, and actual patient treatment with consultation in various specialties as required. Experiences in the provision of emergency dental care. The preceptor directs the total dental health care of the patients of each of his students. Biweekly seminars are provided for each preceptor group. Special topics, student cases, techniques, and journal articles are discussed.

DENC 490. General Practice Dentistry (5)
(See DENC 489.)

DEND 101. Gross Anatomy (5)
Anatomy of the human body in three parts: musculoskeletal, visceral, and head and neck. Special emphasis on the developmental origins and biomechanics of the components of the face and masticatory apparatus.

DEND 102. Dental Histology (3)
Ultrastructure cytology, general histology, and organology. Histophysiological correlations.

DEND 104. Neurobiology (3)
An integrated approach to the anatomy and physiology of the human nervous system. Analyzes neuronal phenomena at both cellular and systems levels. Focus on the principles of organization of those components related to the neurology of the jaws.

DEND 106. Oral Histology (3)
Development of teeth and supporting tissues. Histology and ultrastructure cytology of the oral region with emphasis on the calcified tissues.

DEND 107. Biochemistry (4)
Structure and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and their functions in the life processes of the cell.

DEND 108. Physiology (4.5)
This course investigates the functions of human organ systems in the healthy state and leads to an understanding of the workings of the human body. Muscle, bone, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and endocrine systems are covered.

DEND 110. Special Topics in Dentistry (.5-4)
Directed study under faculty supervision and with special permission of the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs.

DEND 114. Professional Development (1)
This didactic course focuses on the professional development of the student dentist. Basic principles of professionalism and ethics are introduced. A model of patient-centered communication is presented, and students begin to develop effective dentist-patient communication skills. Students acquire a basic understanding of theories of human behavior. Students consider and understand the variety of factors that can influence patients’ oral health choices. A model of behavior change and principles of patient education are presented. Specific behavior management issues are considered.

DEND 116. Introduction to Microbiology and Infection Control (3)
Introduction to the basic concepts, characteristics and techniques used in the study of the clinically and orally significant microbic groups: viruses, bacteria and fungi. The structure, metabolism, genetics, and control of each microbic group will be described. Also, the introduction of the molecular, cellular, and organismal mechanisms responsible for the human immune response system. Basic concepts of infection control in the clinical setting will be reviewed.

DEND 119. Critical Thinking in Research (1)
Students initiate evaluation of experimental design and apply analytical statistics to the critical reading of dental literature.

DEND 121. Preventive Periodontics (1)
A laboratory lecture and clinical course in basic procedures including scaling, polishing, instruction in home care, and a system of instrumentation for thorough prophylaxis in preparation for clinical treatment. An understanding of the formation, composition, and relation of dental plaque to the occurrence and prevention of periodontal disease. Emphasis on periodontal health and recognition of early disease condition.

DEND 123. Outreach Preventive Dentistry (3)
This course covers the basic didactic and clinical curriculum necessary for first-year dental students to be able to place dental sealants on elementary/middle school children as part of a school-based sealant program. Etiology of dental caries, preventing dental disease, behavioral management theories, and sealant techniques will be explored.

DEND 162. Dental Anatomy (3)
Descriptive anatomy of masticatory structures with emphasis on deciduous and permanent teeth and the temporomandibular-mandibular movements, and the fundamental concepts of the functional relationships between the dentition and the temporomandibular joint. Lectures on comparative anatomy and variations in tooth morphology.

DEND 163. Masticatory Dynamics (2)
(See DEND 162.)

DEND 172. Basic Procedures in Fixed Prosthodontics (3.5)
To introduce and familiarize the dental student to basic principles related to fixed prosthodontics. The introduction will emphasize principles of engineering and preparation designs, full coverage retainers for abutments for both metal and ceramic restorations, as well as partial coverage retainers for abutments.

DEND 182. Facial Growth and Development (1)
Introduction to the normal and abnormal growth and development of the human face.

DEND 211. General Pathology (5)
General principles of pathology; etiology; retrograde changes; inflammation and repair; bacterial, viral, and mycotic infections, and disturbances of growth presented as an introduction to a more detailed consideration of oral pathology. The pathology of the organ systems.

DEND 214. Oral Pathology (4)
Diseases and abnormalities of the teeth and adjacent hard and soft tissues. Includes periodontal, pulpal, and periapical diseases as well as cysts, tumors, developmental anomalies, and oral aspects of systematic disease.

DEND 215. Immunology and Medical Microbiology (5)
Fundamental concepts of bacteriology, virology, and immunology, and their interrelationships in systemic and oral disease processes.

DEND 222. Periodontics (1)
A comprehensive course in periodontology including etiology, diagnosis, radiographic, interpretations and prognosis.

DEND 225. Physical Evaluation (1)
Involves the exploration of patient database building. The scope and methods for data collection, physical examination appropriate to dental care, data recording and data interpretation are discussed in order to be able to assess the patient’s ability to receive dental care safely. The recognition of signs and symptoms of medical and dental disease and the implications for patient well-being are discussed. Systematic evaluation of the patient’s physical examination, medical history, and dental history are integrated so that differential diagnoses may be developed.

DEND 227. Oral Diagnosis (2)
This course presents a comprehensive and systematic approach to oral diagnosis and treatment. To accomplish this the student is presented with: 1) the pertinent steps and modalities to follow in the examination of the patient; 2) a diagnostic sequence which can be followed in a dental practice; 3) a method of differential diagnosis of oral lesions based on a classification of lesions as grouped according to their similar clinical and/or radiographic appearances, and 4) a working knowledge of the common oral lesions that are thus classified.

DEND 228. Treatment Planning I (1)
This course provides lecture presentations to help prepare the student to develop skills in patient diagnosis and treatment planning. The lectures will guide the students through the thought processes necessary in the development of workable treatment plans. The emphasis will be on exposing the students to the approach used in our clinic of providing the patients with options of optimal, alternative and emergency diagnostic or recall treatment plans using decisional analysis.

DEND 229. Principles of Radiography (1)
Initial course teaching the second-year dental student the basic principles of taking an intraoral radiographic series. Also discussed are the physics involved in x-ray generation, and the parts and function of the x-ray unit. Head and neck anatomy and pathology in regards to radiographic interpretation.

DEND 230. Advanced Principles of Radiography (1)
This is a continuation of DEND 229. This course will explore alternative intraoral radiographic techniques, extraoral radiography techniques, their uses and limitations. Also, discussion of radiation safety in the dental office and film processing. An opportunity to gain "hands-on" experience in learning to align a patient for a panoramic radiograph, expand diagnostic skills and a thorough review of radiographic anatomy and pathology.

DEND 243. Pharmacology (4)
This course introduces students to the principles of pharmacology and to the mechanisms of drug action in the context of common disease states.

DEND 248. Endodontics (1)
Introduction to methods and materials necessary for successful root canal therapy.

DEND 251. Applied Anatomy of the Head and Neck (.5)
Review of head and neck anatomy with clinical correlations.

DEND 252. Oral Surgery - Pain Control (1)
Anatomy pertaining to local anesthesia. Drugs used in local anesthesia and technique of administration. Management of complications. Slides and clinical demonstrations.

DEND 267. Partial Denture Design (4)
Recognition of clinical situations that require partial denture therapy are developed. Introduction to the terms used in removable partial prosthodontics. Partially edentulous casts diagnosed, designed, surveyed, contoured for path of insertion, prepared for rest seat areas, and finally tripoded for further orientation by each student on his or her own casts. Thus the design, surveying, and clinical applications for removable partial service are presented in order to maintain optimal oral health conditions and to provide a sound basis for the prosthesis.

DEND 269. Prosthodontic Technology (4)
A lecture-demonstration-laboratory approach to complete denture prosthesis construction. Emphasis on certain fundamental biological considerations of the edentulous patient, such as the oral membranes, muscles, bones, and phonetics and how they relate to the technical aspects of denture constructions.

DEND 271. Basic Procedures of Restorative Dentistry (2)
Lectures, demonstrations and instruction in restorative dentistry related to techniques, biomechanics, and clinical application. Single-tooth and fixed partial prosthesis according to modern principles of design, occlusion and aesthetics.

DEND 272. Basic Procedures of Restorative Dentistry (2)
(See DEND 271.)

DEND 282. Orthodontics (1)
Presents principles of orthodontics including relevant areas of applied growth and development, diagnosis methods, biomechanics, and techniques. Histological and physiological changes due to orthodontic tooth movement and biomechanics and laboratory techniques related to the fabrication and use of suitable orthodontic appliances. Biomechanical principles, and the materials science and biologic background necessary for proper clinical management of these appliances.

DEND 284. Dentofacial Morphology (1)
Study of the direct association between the static dentition and the dynamics of facial growth and development studied from the onset of calcification of the deciduous teeth through the mixed-dentition stages to the final eruption of the third molars in functional occlusion.

DEND 291. Dental Auxiliary Management (.5)
Lectures in the principles of auxiliary management. Overview of organization management, communication skills, duty delegation, and organization of work. Information is provided about the dental allied health fields, duties, responsibilities, training, and testing.

DEND 307. Biochemistry (4)
(See DEND 107.)

DEND 312. Oral Cancer Diagnosis (1)
Lecture and discussion of the etiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and psychosocial impact of oral cancer. Legal and ethical responsibilities in diagnosis and detection of malignant oral tumors, oral complications of cancer therapy, dental management, surgical treatment and radiation therapy. Principles of early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.

DEND 315. Practice Management I (4)
Basic concepts of accounting and business management are presented in order to allow students to interpret financial reports, with particular emphasis on dental-related documents.

DEND 320. Issues and Trends (1)
Major issues and trends that affect oral health and the mission of dentistry in the United States. Critical analysis and discussion of journal articles in the dental literature.

DEND 321. Surgical Periodontics (1)
Case analysis and treatment planning for various conditions of periodontal disease. Case presentation to patients. Basic surgical technique and advanced types of periodontal surgery demonstrated. Occlusal analysis and occlusal adjustment considered.

DEND 326. Complete Dentistry I (1)
The didactic curriculum provides a series of lectures that emphasize the importance to of evaluation of the entire stomatognathic system for treatment planning. Causal relationships influenced by misdirected forces and hyperfunction are discussed.

DEND 327. Complete Dentistry II (1)
Complete Dentistry II is a continuation of Complete Dentistry 326 and deals with topics such as rehabilitation of the anterior dentition and the posterior dentition. The etiology of temporomandibular dysfunction, patient examination, and treatment. Prereq: Pass all second-year courses.

DEND 328. Treatment Planning II (1)
This course will initially deal with the predoctoral clinic process of collecting data and information following the protocols which are utilized in our clinic. The process of educating the patient from a medical and patient management viewpoint will be discussed and practiced by the students with written assignments. A "flow chart" approach will be utilized to deal with clinical departmental patient issues to aid the student in developing treatment plans.

DEND 332. Geriatric Dentistry (1)
The didactic curriculum provides a general background on the changing demographics of our population as well as knowledge about the medical, social, psychological, and dental problems many older Americans face today. Dental problems common to the elderly, approaches to treatment planning and the provision of care for this unique group in traditional and non-traditional settings are explored.

DEND 333. Management of Medical Emergencies (1)
Patient evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening emergencies that may arise in the course of dental treatment. Includes instruction in basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

DEND 340. Physiopharmcological Basis of Oral Medicine (2)
Lectures and case studies designed to review the normal physiology of organ systems, and to discuss the pathophysiology of disease states of special interest, the principles of current and accepted medical and/or pharmacological management of these conditions, and the basis for modification of dental therapy. The student will (1) acquire essential knowledge to assess the functional state of various organ systems based on the recorded medical and drug history and the correlation of significant clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings; (2) will be prepared to prescribe for maximum benefit and recognize the clinical ramifications of concomitant drug therapy; and (3) will initiate appropriate medical consultations or referrals for suspected problems and modify dental therapy as dictated by the presence of a particular disease.

DEND 348. Endodontics (1)
Recognition of endodontic pulpal health and the changes that occur in the transition from health to disease. The didactic component focuses on scientific basis for recognition of degenerative states of the dental pulp and the philosophy of endodontic therapy. The clinical component focuses on the treatment of diseased, pulpally-involved teeth of actual patients. It provides practical instruction on how to render endodontic therapy under the direct supervision of qualified endodontic personnel.

DEND 351. Oral Surgery II (1)
Physical evaluation of patient before removal of teeth. Techniques of tooth removal. Complications during and following tooth extraction and their management. Preprosthetic minor surgery.

DEND 352. Dental Management of Medical Disease (1)
Hospital procedures and protocol and the management of surgical complications and emergencies. General principles of surgery as applied to selected topics.

DEND 354. Oral Surgery IV (1)
Removal of impacted teeth and post-operative complications. Management of cysts and other soft and hard tissue pathology of the oral regions. Management of trauma to the facial structures. Pre-prosthetics and orthognathic surgery in contemporary dental practice. Temporomandibular joint disorders.

DEND 355. Introduction to Conscious Sedation (.5)
Physiopharmacology of nitrous oxide use. Indications, contraindications, and complications.

DEND 360. Implant Dentistry (1)
Didactic and laboratory instruction that introduces the concepts used in implantology. These include the scientific basis of implant tissue reactions, and the surgical and restorative protocols. Emphasis is placed on slide presentation of actual cases. An opportunity is given to students to place an implant in an artificial mandible and to manipulate implant components on a typodont.

DEND 363. Operative Dentistry (1)
Expands beyond the basic concepts learned in BPRD to include new advances in materials and in techniques, plus the indications and contraindications for their use, as supported by recent research and literature. Problem solving in clinical practice will be emphasized.

DEND 364. Esthetic Dentistry (1)
Lectures and demonstrations. The indications, contraindications, limitations, and use of modern techniques and materials in operative and cosmetic surgery.

DEND 368. Prosthodontics (2)
Develops basic principles previously taught for clinical application. Instruction to immediate denture, partial denture, and over denture prostheses. Lectures and audio-visual demonstrations relating to cleft palate, TMJ disturbances, and cosmetic prostheses of the face.

DEND 371. Occlusion Seminar (2)
An introduction to gnathological principles: terminology, procedures and instrumentation. Correlation of history and clinical symptoms with treatment modalities emphasized. Use of bite planes, centric relation registration, and diagnostic waxup on mounted casts.

DEND 374. Fixed Prosthodontics (1)
Diagnosis and treatment planning in fixed prosthodontics and construction of simple crowns and bridges. Lecture series concerning the discussions and demonstration of elementary and advanced methods of restoring occlusion, esthetics, and speech using fixed prosthesis.

DEND 378. Pediatric Dentistry (2)
Principles and practices of modern dental care for children presented. Special diagnostic, preventative, and treatment procedures applied to dental caries, malocclusion, and periodontal disease in children. Emphasis on current concepts of behavior guidance of children in the dental treatment setting.

DEND 379. Nutrition for Dentistry (1)
General nutrition concepts are presented in addition to aspects pertinent to the practice of dentistry.

DEND 394. Dental Patient Management/Risk Management (1)
Principles of patient management and risk management are reviewed. The primary focus is directed toward the skills associated with communication. A variety of examples of malpractice are reviewed and discussed. Other areas of risk are discussed such as infection and occupational hazards related to EPA and OSHA standards.

DEND 411. Clinical Oral Pathology (1)
Clinical features of oral lesions as a basis for differential diagnosis. Clinical slides representing a variety of diseases. Students are encouraged to participate in classroom discussions.

DEND 415. Practice Management II (2)
Students deal with entrepreneurship applications and experiences specific to dentistry and are introduced to the process of formulating a business plan. Personal finance and investment strategies are covered in this course, particularly as they pertain to developing a business plan for the students’ careers. Each student constructs a business plan specific to the goals and situation of that student.

DEND 416. Practice Management III (1.5)
This course develops skills in advanced financial, accounting, investment, and management concepts including both commercial and personal. It develops managerial methods including negotiation techniques and employee management/development, recruiting, and performance evaluation. Information regarding financial and logistical models of dental practice is presented drawing comparisons from the unique attributes of each model.

DEND 420. Jurisprudence and Professional Ethical Responsibility (.5)
Ethical and legal issues, civil and criminal law, contracts, malpractice and current ethical and legal dilemmas encountered in practice.

DEND 421. Periodontal Medicine and Case Presentation (1)
Further application of the knowledge and skills learned in prior periodontal courses. Focus is on how selective periodontal treatment can be integrated into a treatment plan considering the parameters presented by a special situation. Some examples are treatment related to endodontics, prosthodontics, geriatrics, esthetics, orthodontics, and implantology. Prereq: DEND 121, DENC 122, DENC 222, DEND 222, DEND 321, and DENC 322.

DEND 426. Oral Diagnosis Seminar (1)
Case-based review of oral diagnosis, radiology, and medicine.

DEND 427. National Boards Part II Preparation (1)
Multidisciplinary approach designed to prepare students for the National Dental Board Examination, Part II.

DEND 428. Regional Board Preparation (1.5)
Procedures, standards, and expectations of regional board examinations are reviewed in order to better prepare students.

DEND 430. Treatment Planning III (1)
This course prepares the fourth-year dental student to develop treatment plans for clinical patients in a systematic manner weighing the risks, benefits, and prognosis after accurately diagnosing the disease processes of the oral cavity and its contiguous structures. The lectures will emphasize the phase approach to treatment planning and will utilize a patient-based learning format. Students will develop their own treatment plans utilizing the patient information given in class and information on an accessible web page. This course will utilize more complex patient cases.

DEND 445. Clinical Pharmacology (1)
Drugs useful in dentistry with special emphasis on their clinical application.

DEND 455. Oral Surgery IV-A (.5)
Patient evaluation for anesthesia. Anesthetic agents and techniques for inhalation and intravenous anesthesia. Medical emergencies. Postanesthetic management. Sedation techniques. Pharmacology of anesthetic agents.

DEND 482. Orthodontics (1)
Instruction through lectures and audio-visual programs enabling the student to gain judgment, knowledge, and skills to select and treat uncomplicated tooth irregularities in children and adults. Advanced topics in comprehensive orthodontics, such as surgical orthodontics and cleft-palate treatment.

DEND 488. Case Presentations (2.5)
Selected cases presented by students and instructors emphasizing diagnosis, treatment planning, and complete patient care. Topics of special interest covering the concepts of total patient care and recent advances in dental treatment presented by guest lecturers and faculty.

DENF 422. Comprehensive Periodontics (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the periodontic procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 428. Comprehensive Oral Medicine (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the radiologic and oral diagnostic procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 448. Comprehensive Endodontics (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the endodontic procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 455. Comprehensive Oral Surgery (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the oral surgery procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 464. Comprehensive Operative Dentistry (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the operative procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 468. Comprehensive Removable Prosthodontics (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the removable prosthodontics procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 474. Comprehensive Fixed Prosthodontics (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the fixed prosthodontic procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENF 478. Comprehensive Pedodontics and Orthodontics (3)
This course is available only to dental school faculty who have earned dental degrees from foreign institutions and who have the approval of their Chairperson and the Dean to register. Successful completion of the course is accomplished by fulfilling the unit requirements, competency exams and any other written or practical requirements set forward by the Dental Education Committee and approved by the general faculty of the School of Dentistry in order to assure competency in the pediatric and orthodontic procedures associated with general dentistry.

DENT 310. Summer Clinic (0-5)
Attendance is mandatory in the dental clinic between the spring semester of the second year and the fall semester of the third year. Students begin performing restorative preparations on patients and become acquainted with all aspects of clinical practice and operation.

DENT 501. Biological Aspects of the Stomatological System (2)
In depth lectures on biological matters related to dentistry; histology, cell biology, molecular biology, anatomy, and physiology of oral tissues.

DENT 502. Correlative Medical Science (2)
Case-based discussion of selected systemic disease commonly encountered by the dentist.

DENT 503. Facial Growth and Development (2)
Emphasis on the qualitative, quantitative, and integrative changes during postnatal craniofacial growth and development.

DENT 504. Advanced Facial Growth (1)
Student participation in seminar evaluation series dealing with problems and controversies apparent in the literature in regard to theories of growth, development, and aging. Emphasis on the craniofacial literature, but not exclusively.

DENT 505. Dentofacial Anomalies (1)
This course is designed to provide the student with the practical experience regarding the multidisciplinary aspects of diagnosis and treatment of patients with craniofacial anomalies. Observation of team sessions and active participation in patient examinations, diagnosis, and treatment planning.

DENT 506. Concepts of Occlusion (Orthodontics) (1)
Course given in a continuing education format dealing with the spectrum of gnathology. Subjects include the physiology of occlusion, record-taking and mounting of cases, laboratory and clinical exercises in occlusal equilibration, splint construction, set-ups, positioner construction, and the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of various TMJ disorder. Instruction is carried out by the use of lectures and laboratory and clinical exercises.

DENT 509. Advanced Dental Studies (1-10)
A course for non-degree-seeking students who wish to pursue special post-doctoral studies in the School of Dentistry. Arrangement made through the department and the Associate Dean for Graduate Studies.

DENT 510. Epidemiology and Biostatistics (3)
A detailed presentation of epidemiological and biostatistical techniques designed to acquaint the student with a broad spectrum of scientific approaches and to prepare for a research project. Topics include design of observational and experimental studies, common biostatistical techniques encountered in the dental literature such as t-test, ANOVA, chi-square, correlation and regression, and assessing the validity of diagnostic tests. Instruction includes lectures, critique of selected literature and computer analysis of data.

DENT 512. Advanced Oral Pathology (3)
Lectures and seminars on the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of many of the common oral diseases. Special emphasis on developing a logical approach to clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Each participant is required to study a set of microscopic slides. Participation is expected for in-class discussion of the clinical and histopathologic material presented.

DENT 513. Anatomy of the Head and Neck (3)
This course deals with the structural, functional, and clinical relationships of the many organs and organ systems which comprise the head, neck, and pharyngeal regions of the human body.

DENT 514. Research Methods: Preparation (1.5)
The goal of this course is to facilitate a formal statement of the student’s research idea as preparation for working with a thesis committee or undertaking independent research. Prereq: D.D.S. or equivalent.

DENT 515. Interdisciplinary Seminar (1)
This course is meant to frequent the first-year graduate student/resident with ongoing research at the School of Dentistry as well as collaborative research being conducted with other University faculty members at other sites on campus. Presentations also include completed Master’s thesis work by graduating residents from their respective programs, when possible. Clinical presentations of an interdisciplinary nature are also presented by members of the clinical departments, with an emphasis on applied research whenever possible.

DENT 516. Microbiology, Immunology, and Immune Systems (1)
This course reviews bacterial structure and classification, provides insight into oral bacterial pathogenesis. Principles of antibiotic use and mechanisms of resistance are reviewed. Microbial diagnostic methodologies are discussed. Integration of periodontics, endodontics, and pediatric dentistry are stressed as it relates to the inflammatory process in the human host.

DENT 523. Clinical Specialty Seminar I - Orthodontics (2)
This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluation of past and present literature. Sessions are used to evaluate current timely literature, and lectures and seminars complement the clinical experiences with topics including patient management, treatment of various aged populations and malocclusions, orthopedic appliances, treatment of patients with special needs, and various aspects of fixed and removable mechanotherapy. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 524. Clinical Specialty Seminar II - Orthodontics (2)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 523.)

DENT 527. Clinical Specialty Seminar III - Orthodontics (2)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 523.)

DENT 528. Clinical Specialty Seminar IV - Orthodontics (2)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 523.)

DENT 529. Endodontology I (3)
Scientific rationale for endodontic practice. Endodontic anatomy, physiology, pathology, and microbiology. All treatments and techniques studied and substantiated by current and classical research. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 530. Endodontology II (3)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 529.)

DENT 531. Endodontology III (3)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 529.)

DENT 532. Endodontology IV (3)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 529.)

DENT 539. Endodontic Literature Review I (3)
Provides scientific basis for present and future treatment. Instructs students in critically evaluating literature. Provides format for lifelong self-education. Specific journal assignments summarized, evaluated, and presented for group discussion weekly. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 540. Endodontic Literature Review II (3)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 539.)

DENT 541. Endodontic Literature Review III (3)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 539.)

DENT 542. Endodontic Literature Review IV (3)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 539.)

DENT 549. Clinical Pharmacology I (1)
This course is designed to enable residents to obtain an understanding of the pharmacology of the most commonly prescribed medications; pharmacotherapeutic concepts in relationship to disease pathophysiology; rational drug therapy in the treatment of disease; drug-drug interactions and drug-disease interactions; adverse drug events. Residents will be expected to apply information on disease pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy to clinical cases. The ultimate goal is to provide relevant information to assist clinicians in practice.

DENT 550. Clinical Pharmacology II (1)
(See DENT 549.)

DENT 551. Clinical Endodontic Specialty I (3)
Students present case histories as they encounter them in clinic. Cases discussed in detail and critically evaluated by colleagues and graduate endodontic faculty. Past endodontic literature discussed in detail as each student presents a topic assigned by faculty. Problems in clinic discussed. Several guest endodontists present various techniques and perform them. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 552. Clinical Endodontic Specialty II (3)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 551.)

DENT 553. Clinical Endodontic Specialty III (3)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 551.)

DENT 554. Clinical Endodontic Specialty IV (3)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 551.)

DENT 555. Management of Medical Emergencies (1)
This course covers the diagnosis and management of common medical emergencies, with special emphasis on patient evaluation and history taking to prevent such emergencies in the dental office. Venipuncture technique and the use of emergency equipment are demonstrated. Also included is a basic course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with practical demonstrations and examinations that lead to certifications in basic CPR.

DENT 557. Periodontal Conference I (1)
Presentation of treated patients with advanced periodontal disease. Discussion of the clinical findings, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment plan. Critical review of the different surgical procedures used in therapy and evaluation of postoperative results. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 558. Periodontal Conference II (1)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 557.)

DENT 559. Periodontal Conference III (1)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 557.)

DENT 560. Periodontal Conference IV (1)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 557.)

DENT 564. Advanced Principles of Occlusion (1)
Structure and function of all anatomic components involved in occlusion, mechanics of articulation and mastication, recording of mastication patterns, diagnosis of occlusal dysfunction, relationship to neuromuscular and temporomandibular joint anatomy and pathology, and treatment techniques used in gnathology.

DENT 565. Practice Management I (Ortho) (1)
Seminar and demonstration course designed to prepare the student for all phases of the "business" of orthodontics as well as the responsibility of being a "professional." Management of the department clinic, private practice management, office visitations, and the business community, and ethics through the use of guest speakers on jurisprudence, personal and professional insurance, accounting, estate planning, risk management, informed consent, banking, office design, organized dentistry and investments. First in a series of four courses.

DENT 566. Practice Management II (Ortho) (1)
Second in a series of four courses. (See DENT 565.)

DENT 567. Practice Management III (Ortho) (1)
Third in a series of four courses. (See DENT 565.)

DENT 568. Practice Management IV (Ortho) (1)
Fourth in a series of four courses. (See DENT 565.)

DENT 569. Orthodontic Literature Review I (1)
Seminar course. Familiarizes students with classical and contemporary orthodontic literature. Provides students with broad knowledge of orthodontics. Students develop a more scientific attitude which enables them to think and to question, rather than to blindly accept words in print. Students introduced to contemporaneous areas of interest. Possibilities for further research discussed. First in a series of two courses.

DENT 570. Orthodontic Literature Review II (1)
Second in a series of two courses. (See DENT 569.)

DENT 572. Advanced Specialty Principles: Preclinical I (1)
Initial topics provide instruction and laboratory exercises including band formation, impressions, study model construction, wire bending, and soldering. Tweed tip-edge straight-wire techniques performed on typodonts. Topics dealing with materials and mechanics used in orthodontics. Laboratory projects designed